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AP Psych > UNIT 3: Social Psych > Flashcards

UNIT 3: Social Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

-focus on the situation; they study the social influences that explain why the same person acts differently in different situations
-It is the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

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2
Q

Attributions

A

how we explain other people’s behaviour - what we ‘attribute’ a person’s behaviour to.

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3
Q

attribution theory

A

the theory that we tend to explain the behaviour of others as either an aspect of their inner trait (disposition) or due to external factors (situation).

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4
Q

Dispositional attributes

A

A person’s stable, enduring traits such as intelligence or personality

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5
Q

Dispositional attribute EXAMPLE

A

Max is a close friend and has just told you he got a perfect score on Mr Bixon’s History test.

‘Max is always so good at History’

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6
Q

situational attributes

A

behavior that is attributed to external factors

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7
Q

situational attribute EXAMPLE

A

‘Yeah, but that was a super easy test’

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8
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.

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9
Q

False consensus EXAMPLE

A

Ms Cole loves pizza and often overestimates the number of people who enjoy it to the same degree.

‘Most people would…..’

‘Everyone agrees with me…’

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10
Q

Fundamental Attribution Theory

A

overestimating an individual’s disposition and underestimating the situation.

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11
Q

Fundamental attribution theory EXAMPLE

A

In class, Julie is quiet and never contributes to class discussion, unless called on by the teacher.
Ryan, enjoys participating in any type of discussion.

An observer, falling prey to the Fundamental Attribution Error would conclude that Julie is an introvert and Ryan is an extrovert.
However, when performing in the end of year school play, Julie has the lead role and presents herself confidently, signing and acting in solos. Ryan, opts to be an extra, standing at the back in silence.

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12
Q

Fundamental attribution theory: Individualist

A

Western cultures more often attribute behaviour(s) to personal disposition
-Tend to show lower rates of obedience

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13
Q

Fundamental attribution theory: Collectivist

A

Eastern cultures are more sensitive to the influence of situation

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14
Q

Just World Bias

A

The tendency to think that bad things happen to bad people. The word is ‘just’ so assuming we are ‘good’, good things will happen.

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15
Q

Just world bias EXAMPLE

A

You get what you deserve’
Misfortunes or negative experiences only happen to those who deserve it

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16
Q

Halo Effect

A

-When one trait of a person is used to make an overall judgment of that person.
- Attractiveness is one of the key traits that leads to the halo effect

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17
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

The tendency for us to like something more with repeated exposure

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18
Q

Mere exposure effect EXAMPLE

A

The more we see a person, the more we like them

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19
Q

Explanatory style

A

Explanatory style is the way a person creates a narrative about a specific event in their life.

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20
Q

optimistic explanatory

A

-a situation is temporary
-there are aspects they can control,
-it’s not their fault
-A person who creates positive narratives about life events can bounce back more quickly and keep a happier mental outlook

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21
Q

pessimistic explanatory style

A

-situation feeling permanent
-completely their fault when it probably isn’t
-there is nothing they can do to change their situation, even if there is.

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22
Q

External locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside factors beyond your control determines your fate. Pessimistic

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23
Q

Internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate. Optimistic

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24
Q

social comparison

A

people value their personal and social worth by assessing how they compare to others.

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25
Q

Upward social comparison

A

-compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than or superior to us
-These comparisons often focus on the desire to improve ourselves, our current status, or our level of ability

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26
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

-when we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than us.
-Such comparisons are often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities or traits

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27
Q

Relative deprivation

A

-the perception that we are worse off to those whom we compare ourselves to
-Relative deprivation is a more superficial judgment of your own standing in comparison to others
-NEGATIVE COMPARISON

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28
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

-The tendency to take more credit for good outcomes (personal attribution), and blame negative outcomes on situational factors
-Humans prefer to view themselves favorably

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29
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

-Our tendency to cherry-pick information that confirms our existing beliefs or ideas
-someone forms an opinion and then will accept only information that agrees with it discounting or ignoring everything else

30
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

-Refers to the tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes
-we like to make excuses for our own behaviour.

31
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

-Labels, or specific ideas about your own, or other people’s dispositions, can directly influence your own or their behaviour(s)
E.g. I am going to have such a rubbish day today. Result, quite often you transform the mentality into a reality, and you do have a rubbish day.

32
Q

stereotype

A

generalised beliefs about a group of people. They can be either positive or negative. Stereotypes can sometimes reflect reality, but most often they are exaggerated.

33
Q

Prejudice

A

an undeserved, usually negative, attitude towards a group of people

34
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

the belief that one’s race/ethnicity/culture is superior to others

35
Q

Discrimination

A

an unjustifiable negative behaviour (action) towards a group of people. It can be either explicit, or microaggressions such as the reluctance to sit next to someone.

36
Q

cognitive load

A

Brains processing amount

37
Q

Explicit attitude

A

a person is aware of this attitude and conscious of it when they behave

38
Q

implicit attitude

A

we are unaware of a prejudicial attitude and how it influences our behaviour. The key here is that it is unconscious

39
Q

In-group and Out-group Bias

A

favouring members of one’s in-group, over members of the out-group

40
Q

out-group homogeneity

A

the tendency to perceive those in the out-group as all being very similar, whilst the in-group are more diverse

41
Q

Cognitive dissonance!!!!!

A

mental tension/discomfort (dissonance) felt when our actions and attitudes (cognitive) do not align.

42
Q

Social Influence Theory

A

The idea that people are heavily influenced by the thoughts and actions of others.

43
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A

dual process theory describing the change of attitudes. Efforts to persuade generally take 2 forms

44
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

core evidence/arguments in a message
FACT AND DETAIL ORIENTED

45
Q

Peripheral Route Persuasion

A

Other parts of the message that elicits emotional based judgement
EMOTIONAL DRIVEN

46
Q

Obedience

A

Individual follows a direct order
-People are more likely to comply with the orders given if they come from someone perceived to have legitimate authority

47
Q

Foot in the door

A

-A small request is then followed by a larger request.
-To get people to agree to something big, start small and build up’

48
Q

Door in the face

A

An unrealistically large request is followed by a smaller request
After people refuse a large request, they will look more favourably upon a follow up that seems in comparison, more reasonable

49
Q

Social Reciprocity
Norm

A

People have the tendency to feel obligated to reciprocate kind behavior

50
Q

Conformity

A

the change in a person’s attitude or behaviour due to real or imagined pressure from others.

51
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

-Need to be liked
-People do not want to appear foolish or be rejected by others - they prefer to gain social approval
-By conforming to the apparent social norms (expectations) of the group, a person will be accepted

52
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

-need to be right
-Individuals follow the behaviour of the group (the majority) is because they want to be right
-Most likely to occur in in situations that are new to a person or when it isn’t clear what is right

53
Q

Social Facilitation

A

-The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others.
-What you can do well, you are likely to do even better in, in font of an audience
-Happens with a skill you are already good at

54
Q

Social Inhibition

A

-The tendency to perform worse at a new or poorly-learned task when in the presence of other people
-What you normally find difficult, becomes even more challenging, in front of an audience

55
Q

Social Loafing (aka ‘diminished responsibility’)

A

-people put in less effort when faced with a group goal, in comparison to the effort they put in when individually accountable
-Diffusion of responsibility can account for social loafing as well

56
Q

Deindividuation

A

-the phenomenon whereby an individual experiences a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in high arousal group situations, that also provide a sense of anonymity

57
Q

Group Polarisation

A

-the tendency for an individual to undertake more extreme decisions/attitudes following exposure to a group discussion, than he/she would make individually

58
Q

Groupthink

A

-when group members suppress their doubts about an idea being discussed/supported by the group
-as a result, a false unison is created and flaws in the groups decision may be overlooked

59
Q

Bystander Effect

A

-The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
-when more people share responsibility for helping it results in a diffusion effect

Single individual = high responsibility…. they are compelled to help because they are the only ones and feel responsible

Large group of individuals = a diffusion of responsibility occurs - individuals can share out responsibility to others: ‘someone else will help’

60
Q

Bystander Effect Variables

A

Situational
-We are not in a hurry
-We are in a small town or rural environment

Attentional Variables
-We are not preoccupied and can focus on others
-We have just observed someone else being helpful
-The person is a woman
-The person is a child
-We are in a good mood

61
Q

social traps

A

-define situations in which the conflicting parties, each pursuing their own self-interests rather than group benefits, become caught in destructive behaviour

62
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people because require their cooperation

63
Q

Altruism

A

acting to help someone else at some cost to oneself
-sacrificing ones life to save others, giving money to charity, volunteering, holding the door open

64
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

65
Q

Social debt (guilt)

A

-Altruism and prosocial behavior is to combat guilt

66
Q

social exchange theory

A

-weighing up the cost-benefit of the action
-social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximise benefits and minimise costs

For example = whether to give money to charity
Costs: financial loss, anxiety, time and effort
Benefits: social approval, reduced guilt and good feelings

67
Q

social learning

A

-We believe we have to help because we have been socialised to do so, through norms presented to us regarding how we ought to behave
-Through socialisation we learn the reciprocity norm
-An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

68
Q

social-responsibility norms

A

-The idea that we should help those who need our help - even if the cost outweighs the benefits
-It is a focal point when teaching young children morals and values important to be a part of society

69
Q

burnout

A

a physical, emotional or mental exhaustion brought on by an overburdening workload which can negatively impact motivation, performance and attitude.

70
Q

Industrial-organisational (I/O) psychologists

A

-study how people perform in the workplace
-I/O Psychologists examine best practices in management of work, relationships among people working together or for a common company, and how people feel about their work

71
Q

superordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

AP Psych (2 decks)

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