Unit 4: Cognition

Question 1

episodic memory

Answer 1

memory of a specific event

“flashbulb” memory—-type of episodic memory
that is so emotionally significant, can give great
details.

Question 2

GENERIC: (semantic):

Answer 2

general knowledge.

EX: George Washington, 1492, dinner

Question 3

PROCEDURAL:

Answer 3

skills or procedures you have
learned. EX: riding a bike, karate kicks,
swimming, driving a car, playing an instrument.

Question 4

eyewitness

Answer 4

usually incorrect but

vital to court cases. LOFTUS

Question 5

PHOTOGRAPHIC (EIDITIC IMAGERY):

Answer 5

the ability to remember large amounts of
material in a short period—-”photograph”
is provided to brain. Super short term
memory

Question 6

ENCODING:

Answer 6

translation of information into
which it can be stored in the brain-like a
computer hard drive (thalamus,
hippocampus)

Question 7

visual encoding

Answer 7

encoding of picture images

occipital lobe, hippocampus

Question 8

acoustic encoding

Answer 8

encoding of sounds, especially
words (temporal lobe, hippocampus,
Wernicke’s Area)

Question 9

semantic encoding

Answer 9

encoding of meaning

hippocampus, Wernicke’s Area

Question 10

Storage:

Answer 10

storing of encoded
information. Stores your episodic,
procedural, and semantic
memories.

Question 11

A. MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL:

Answer 11

repeating information over and

over

Question 12

B. ELABORATION REHEARSAL:

Answer 12

relating it to information already

known.

Question 13

Retrieval:

Answer 13

locating information in memory

and bringing it into consciousness.

Question 14

Recall:

Answer 14

retrieving without much help

EX: free response questions on AP exam

Question 15

Recognition:

Answer 15

retrieving aided by clues

EX: multiple choice on AP exam

Question 16

sensory memory

Answer 16

immediate recording of information that enters through our senses (thalamus).

Question 17

iconic memory

Answer 17

ability to give great details of a picture but only briefly (visual)

Question 18

ECHOIC MEMORY:

Answer 18

ability to recall auditory information but only very briefly.

Question 19

SHORT TERM MEMORY

Answer 19

storage of limited amounts of information. (7 to 8 items)

Question 20

PRIMACY EFFECT:

Answer 20

the tendency to recall the first items in a series.

Question 21

RECENCEY EFFECT:

Answer 21

the tendency to recall the last items in a series

Question 22

LONG TERM MEMORY:

Answer 22

permanent memories, days, weeks, months, decades.

Question 23

SCHEMAS:

Answer 23

mental representations that we form

Parts of the brain to be studied for memory: hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex and thalamus.

Question 24

RELEARNING

Answer 24

shown how to re-use information

Question 25

CONTEXT-dependent

Answer 25

material is remembered better if presented in the same environment.

Question 26

STATE-dependent

Answer 26

material is better remembered if the person is in the same psychological state as when we learned.

Question 27

MOOD CONGRUENT:

Answer 27

depending on person’s mood on what will be recalled —good or bad memories

Question 28

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 28

Repeating something over and over, writing, drill, practice.

Question 29

elaboration rehearsal

Answer 29

using associations, list of common items

EX: An acrobat needs good balance and coordination therefore an acrobat needs a strong cerebellum.

Question 30

CONSTRUCT LINKS

Answer 30

Using common letters in words as connections.

EX: ACETYCHOLINE begins with A ALZHAIMER’S starts with A. Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter necessary for memory.

Question 31

MNEMONICS DEVICES

Answer 31

Cues, tricks, jingles, songs, and phrases to help memory. EX; HOMES (5 great lakes)
I before e except after c. Every Good Boy Does Fine.
John B Watson

Question 32

chunking

Answer 32

Putting large amounts of material into groups to be remembered.
Our brain can usually only handle about 7 to 8 items.

Question 33

Concepts

Answer 33

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. EX; “chairs” “animals” “vegetables”.

Question 34

Prototypes: best example of a category ex: “ A robin is a bird” is better recognized than a “A penguin is a bird.”

Answer 34

best example of a category ex: “ A robin is a bird” is better recognized than a “A penguin is a bird.”

Question 35

5 core functions of thought:

EX: free response question on schizophrenia

Answer 35

1. Describe: just write what it is—define.
2. Elaborate: describe symptoms of schizophrenia.
3. Decision: write causes of schizophrenia and decide what type of treatment to give.
4. Plan: decide what actual treatment or therapy you decide after several options.
5. Guide Action: put the plan into action—results.

Question 36

deductive reasoning

Answer 36

reasoning from the general to the specific. The conclusion is true if the information is true.

Question 37

INDUCTIVE REASONING

Answer 37

reasoning from the specific to the general. Making a general conclusion from facts given (may be incorrect) theory, hypothesis.

Question 38

AVAIABILTIY HEURISTIC:

Answer 38

estimating the likelihood of events based on your memory.

Question 39

REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC:

Answer 39

how well things match prototypes

Question 40

ANCHORING HEURISTICS:

Answer 40

make decisions on ideas or beliefs you hold. Can lead to OVERCONFIDENCE.

Question 41

LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY.

Answer 41

WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS (BENJAMIN WHORF). Language determines the way we think.
EX: We will think differently if we know two different languages. English, Chinese

Question 42

PHONEMES:

Answer 42

smallest units of speech (sounds)

“g”, “th” “sh” “p” “k”

Question 43

MORPHEMES:

Answer 43

smallest units of meaning that are not words. Prefixes, suffixes, roots (pre, tele, ness, ence, sub)

Question 44

SYNTAX:

Answer 44

way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences. Subject verb object.

Question 45

CONTEXT:

Answer 45

know how to use word and apply them.

Question 46

process of language

Answer 46

1. Babbling
2. repeat words from others—18 to 24 months about 50 word vocabulary. Also two word pairs—first sentences ex: “big car” “go out” “see doggie”. Age 3 about 1,000 word vocabulary, verbs.
3. phonemes, morphemes—school, parents, Dr. Suess books.
4. Syntax and context—rest of your life.