Unit 4: Cognition Flashcards
episodic memory
memory of a specific event
“flashbulb” memory—-type of episodic memory
that is so emotionally significant, can give great
details.
GENERIC: (semantic):
general knowledge.
EX: George Washington, 1492, dinner
PROCEDURAL:
skills or procedures you have
learned. EX: riding a bike, karate kicks,
swimming, driving a car, playing an instrument.
eyewitness
usually incorrect but
vital to court cases. LOFTUS
PHOTOGRAPHIC (EIDITIC IMAGERY):
the ability to remember large amounts of
material in a short period—-”photograph”
is provided to brain. Super short term
memory
ENCODING:
translation of information into
which it can be stored in the brain-like a
computer hard drive (thalamus,
hippocampus)
visual encoding
encoding of picture images
occipital lobe, hippocampus
acoustic encoding
encoding of sounds, especially
words (temporal lobe, hippocampus,
Wernicke’s Area)
semantic encoding
encoding of meaning
hippocampus, Wernicke’s Area
Storage:
storing of encoded
information. Stores your episodic,
procedural, and semantic
memories.
A. MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL:
repeating information over and
over
B. ELABORATION REHEARSAL:
relating it to information already
known.
Retrieval:
locating information in memory
and bringing it into consciousness.
Recall:
retrieving without much help
EX: free response questions on AP exam
Recognition:
retrieving aided by clues
EX: multiple choice on AP exam
sensory memory
immediate recording of information that enters through our senses (thalamus).
iconic memory
ability to give great details of a picture but only briefly (visual)
ECHOIC MEMORY:
ability to recall auditory information but only very briefly.
SHORT TERM MEMORY
storage of limited amounts of information. (7 to 8 items)
PRIMACY EFFECT:
the tendency to recall the first items in a series.
RECENCEY EFFECT:
the tendency to recall the last items in a series
LONG TERM MEMORY:
permanent memories, days, weeks, months, decades.
SCHEMAS:
mental representations that we form
Parts of the brain to be studied for memory: hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex and thalamus.
RELEARNING
shown how to re-use information
CONTEXT-dependent
material is remembered better if presented in the same environment.
STATE-dependent
material is better remembered if the person is in the same psychological state as when we learned.
MOOD CONGRUENT:
depending on person’s mood on what will be recalled —good or bad memories
maintenance rehearsal
Repeating something over and over, writing, drill, practice.
elaboration rehearsal
using associations, list of common items
EX: An acrobat needs good balance and coordination therefore an acrobat needs a strong cerebellum.
CONSTRUCT LINKS
Using common letters in words as connections.
EX: ACETYCHOLINE begins with A ALZHAIMER’S starts with A. Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter necessary for memory.
MNEMONICS DEVICES
Cues, tricks, jingles, songs, and phrases to help memory. EX; HOMES (5 great lakes)
I before e except after c. Every Good Boy Does Fine.
John B Watson
chunking
Putting large amounts of material into groups to be remembered.
Our brain can usually only handle about 7 to 8 items.
Concepts
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. EX; “chairs” “animals” “vegetables”.
Prototypes: best example of a category ex: “ A robin is a bird” is better recognized than a “A penguin is a bird.”
best example of a category ex: “ A robin is a bird” is better recognized than a “A penguin is a bird.”
5 core functions of thought:
EX: free response question on schizophrenia
- Describe: just write what it is—define.
- Elaborate: describe symptoms of schizophrenia.
- Decision: write causes of schizophrenia and decide what type of treatment to give.
- Plan: decide what actual treatment or therapy you decide after several options.
- Guide Action: put the plan into action—results.
deductive reasoning
reasoning from the general to the specific. The conclusion is true if the information is true.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
reasoning from the specific to the general. Making a general conclusion from facts given (may be incorrect) theory, hypothesis.
AVAIABILTIY HEURISTIC:
estimating the likelihood of events based on your memory.
REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC:
how well things match prototypes
ANCHORING HEURISTICS:
make decisions on ideas or beliefs you hold. Can lead to OVERCONFIDENCE.
LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY.
WHORFIAN HYPOTHESIS (BENJAMIN WHORF). Language determines the way we think. EX: We will think differently if we know two different languages. English, Chinese
PHONEMES:
smallest units of speech (sounds)
“g”, “th” “sh” “p” “k”
MORPHEMES:
smallest units of meaning that are not words. Prefixes, suffixes, roots (pre, tele, ness, ence, sub)
SYNTAX:
way in which words are arranged to make phrases and sentences. Subject verb object.
CONTEXT:
know how to use word and apply them.
process of language
- Babbling
- repeat words from others—18 to 24 months about 50 word vocabulary. Also two word pairs—first sentences ex: “big car” “go out” “see doggie”. Age 3 about 1,000 word vocabulary, verbs.
- phonemes, morphemes—school, parents, Dr. Suess books.
- Syntax and context—rest of your life.
