Unit 3: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

UCS (UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS)

A

a stimulus that AUTOMATICALLY causes a response.

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2
Q

UCR (UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE)

A

an AUTOMATIC response to a stimulus.

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3
Q

CS (CONDITIONED STIMULUS)

A

the previously neutral stimulus that has been turned into a UCS.

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4
Q

CR (CONDITIONED RESPONSE)

A

the LEARNED response to a stimulus.

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5
Q

GENERALIZATION

A

when a learned response is same to similar stimuli.

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6
Q

DISCRIMINATION

A

avoidance of generalization

Ex: child gets bit by dog and fears dogs but will play with stuffed animal dogs.

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7
Q

EXTINCTION

A

gradual loss of an association

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8
Q

ACQUISITION

A

the moment that an animal/person learns to respond to a stimulus (conditioned response)

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9
Q

FLOODING

A

(usually used for phobias only)—-forced exposure to the fear until it is extinct.

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10
Q

John Watson

A
the most
famous behaviorist.
Behavior comes from our
environment and is a bundle
of conditioned responses
(human robots)
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11
Q

watsons famous study

A

Little Albert

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12
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

proved counterconditiong. Experiment “Peter and the Rabbit”

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13
Q

EDWARD THORNDIKE

A

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: behavior will strengthen when it provides rewards.
He used ‘PUZZLE BOXES” in which cats pushed a pedal to unlock a door so it could get to its food. LAW OF EFFECT: if the animal is rewarded it will do the behavior. If punished it will not. Thorndike’s studies inspire BF SKINNER who becomes world famous for operant conditioning.

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14
Q

REINFORCEMENT:

A

the process by which a stimulus increases that the preceding behavior will occur.

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15
Q

PRIMARY REINFORCERS:

A

needed for physical or psychological survival—-food, water, love, etc.

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16
Q

SECONDARY REINFORCERS:

A

anything that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer—–money, attention, compliments, popularity

17
Q

POISITIVE REINFORCERS:

A

increase the frequency of the behavior——-rewards, approval

18
Q

NEGATIVE REINFORCERS:

A

increase the frequency of the behavior when they are removed—–discomfort, fear, shocks, disapproval

19
Q

SHAPING

A

teach complex behavior in steps through reinforcement.

EX: dolphin jumping through a hoop, bear riding bike at circus

20
Q

Chaining

A

final act of shaping

21
Q

TOKEN ECONOMY

A

rewards system to increase behavior through “tokens”—tokens, play money, stars, etc.

22
Q

PREMACK PRINCIPLE

A

everyone has a “top ten” list of positive reinforcers.

23
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
BF Skinner. Behavior is based on
consequences:
REINFORCEMENTS, REWARDS,
PUNISHMENTS.
Skinner used “Skinner
Boxes”(small cages where animals
mostly rats and pigeons had to do
conditioning tasks.)
24
Q

mere exposure effect

A

repeated
exposure of a CS. (Pavlov=bell,
Watson=loud bang, Jones=chocolate)

25
Q

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT:

A

the
desire response is reinforced every time
(every single time a dolphin does what you
want you give it a fish)

26
Q

Partial, Intermittent Reinforcement:

A

reinforcement is administered on some of

the time.

27
Q

FIXED RATIO (FR) schedules:

A

give
reinforcement after a FIXED number of
responses. EX: rat gets a pellet after it
presses the bar TEN times. Ice cream shop
punches your card after after buying TEN
cones you get one FREE.

28
Q

VARIABLE RATIO (VR) schedules:

A

reinforcement
given on a varying schedule.

EX: slot machines—-pay off 1 in 20 pulls, 1 in 50
pulls, 1 in 100 pulls.

29
Q

fixed interval (FI)

A

(FI) schedules: a fixed amount of
TIME between reinforcements.

Radio station giveaways. Cannot win a prize more
than once within 30 DAYS.

30
Q

VARIABLE INTERVAL (VI) schedules:

A

reinforce by
time by VARYING the schedule of TIME.

EX: police give prizes to people buckling up at
different times. One day at 1, one day at 5, one
day at11.

31
Q

EC Tolman

A

Rats in mazes, latent learning, cognitive maps. Proved learning can occur WITHOUT reinforcement.
Put rats in a maze and had to find food. (reinforcement)
Other rats put in a maze——just to explore—-no food. (No reinforcement)
After 10 days food was put in their maze—-they located the food just as fast as the rats who were reinforced right away.

32
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Martin Seligman. A condition when following a number of bad experiences an animal/human believes they cannot control their environment.

33
Q

David Hiroto

A

Proved learned helplessness on humans.

3 groups of people; 2 would hear loud,
obnoxious noises. Phase 1

34
Q

Insight

A

the sudden realization of a

solution to a problem. Wolfgang Kohler.