Unit 3: Learning Flashcards
UCS (UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS)
a stimulus that AUTOMATICALLY causes a response.
UCR (UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE)
an AUTOMATIC response to a stimulus.
CS (CONDITIONED STIMULUS)
the previously neutral stimulus that has been turned into a UCS.
CR (CONDITIONED RESPONSE)
the LEARNED response to a stimulus.
GENERALIZATION
when a learned response is same to similar stimuli.
DISCRIMINATION
avoidance of generalization
Ex: child gets bit by dog and fears dogs but will play with stuffed animal dogs.
EXTINCTION
gradual loss of an association
ACQUISITION
the moment that an animal/person learns to respond to a stimulus (conditioned response)
FLOODING
(usually used for phobias only)—-forced exposure to the fear until it is extinct.
John Watson
the most famous behaviorist. Behavior comes from our environment and is a bundle of conditioned responses (human robots)
watsons famous study
Little Albert
Mary Cover Jones
proved counterconditiong. Experiment “Peter and the Rabbit”
EDWARD THORNDIKE
INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: behavior will strengthen when it provides rewards.
He used ‘PUZZLE BOXES” in which cats pushed a pedal to unlock a door so it could get to its food. LAW OF EFFECT: if the animal is rewarded it will do the behavior. If punished it will not. Thorndike’s studies inspire BF SKINNER who becomes world famous for operant conditioning.
REINFORCEMENT:
the process by which a stimulus increases that the preceding behavior will occur.
PRIMARY REINFORCERS:
needed for physical or psychological survival—-food, water, love, etc.
SECONDARY REINFORCERS:
anything that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer—–money, attention, compliments, popularity
POISITIVE REINFORCERS:
increase the frequency of the behavior——-rewards, approval
NEGATIVE REINFORCERS:
increase the frequency of the behavior when they are removed—–discomfort, fear, shocks, disapproval
SHAPING
teach complex behavior in steps through reinforcement.
EX: dolphin jumping through a hoop, bear riding bike at circus
Chaining
final act of shaping
TOKEN ECONOMY
rewards system to increase behavior through “tokens”—tokens, play money, stars, etc.
PREMACK PRINCIPLE
everyone has a “top ten” list of positive reinforcers.
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner. Behavior is based on consequences: REINFORCEMENTS, REWARDS, PUNISHMENTS. Skinner used “Skinner Boxes”(small cages where animals mostly rats and pigeons had to do conditioning tasks.)
mere exposure effect
repeated
exposure of a CS. (Pavlov=bell,
Watson=loud bang, Jones=chocolate)
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT:
the
desire response is reinforced every time
(every single time a dolphin does what you
want you give it a fish)
Partial, Intermittent Reinforcement:
reinforcement is administered on some of
the time.
FIXED RATIO (FR) schedules:
give
reinforcement after a FIXED number of
responses. EX: rat gets a pellet after it
presses the bar TEN times. Ice cream shop
punches your card after after buying TEN
cones you get one FREE.
VARIABLE RATIO (VR) schedules:
reinforcement
given on a varying schedule.
EX: slot machines—-pay off 1 in 20 pulls, 1 in 50
pulls, 1 in 100 pulls.
fixed interval (FI)
(FI) schedules: a fixed amount of
TIME between reinforcements.
Radio station giveaways. Cannot win a prize more
than once within 30 DAYS.
VARIABLE INTERVAL (VI) schedules:
reinforce by
time by VARYING the schedule of TIME.
EX: police give prizes to people buckling up at
different times. One day at 1, one day at 5, one
day at11.
EC Tolman
Rats in mazes, latent learning, cognitive maps. Proved learning can occur WITHOUT reinforcement.
Put rats in a maze and had to find food. (reinforcement)
Other rats put in a maze——just to explore—-no food. (No reinforcement)
After 10 days food was put in their maze—-they located the food just as fast as the rats who were reinforced right away.
Learned Helplessness
Martin Seligman. A condition when following a number of bad experiences an animal/human believes they cannot control their environment.
David Hiroto
Proved learned helplessness on humans.
3 groups of people; 2 would hear loud,
obnoxious noises. Phase 1
Insight
the sudden realization of a
solution to a problem. Wolfgang Kohler.
