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Ap psych > Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

parts of HINDBRAIN

A
  1. MEDULLA: responsible for heart rate, blood
    pressure, breathing.
  2. PONS: body movement, attention, sleep, alertness.
  3. CEREBELLUM: balance and coordination
  4. RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RETICULAR
    FORMATION)—-lower part: network of neurons from
    the spinal cord to the thalamus—-sleep, arousal,
    reaction time (some drugs like alcohol affect this area)
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2
Q

Parts of Midbrain(located between the hindbrain and forebrain)

A

Parts: 1. SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, STRIATUM:
movement.

  1. RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM: middle
    part “network of neurons”
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3
Q

parts of forbrain (front of brain)

A
  1. THALAMUS: pain signals, receives messages
    from the senses and sorts them out, and then
    passes them on to the proper place in the
    brain (areas responsible for thinking and
    reasoning) “switchboard” “hard drive”
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4
Q

Limbic system

A

region or area of forebrain
containing three parts responsible for
memory, emotions, hunger, thirst, sex, and
body temperature.

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5
Q

hypothalamus

A

body temperature,
motivation, emotions, hunger, thirst, sex,
and it activates the endocrine system
(pituitary gland) all the “drives”

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6
Q

AMYGDALA:

A

emotions but especially

AGGRESSION and FEAR

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7
Q

HIPPOCAMPUS:

A

memory Alzhaimer’s

Disease, Amnesia

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8
Q

CEREBRUM (split into 2 hemispheres)

A 
70-80% of the mass and weight
of brain. Covered by the CEREBRAL CORTEX
(the wrinkles, like bark on a tree).:
Responsible for active thought, information
processing, language, and perception.
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9
Q

left hemisphere

A

language, logic

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10
Q

Right hemisphere=

A

spatial skills, artistic, creative, recognition

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11
Q

CORPUS CALLOSUM

A

Bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres and transfers information from one to the other.
Sperry and Gazinigga’s “split brain” experiment

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12
Q

occipital

A

vision

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13
Q

temporal

A

hearing

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14
Q

parietal

A

touch, sensations (warmth, cold, pain, etc.)

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15
Q

frontal

A

speech, muscle movements, making plans, judgment, decisions, personality.

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16
Q

SENSORY AND MOTOR AREAS:

A

pass sensory and movement information between the hemispheres (neurons pass the info.)

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17
Q

Sensory area

A

parietal, occipital, temporal

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18
Q

Motor Area

A

frontal

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19
Q

Broca’s area

A

in frontal lobe; directs the movements in SPEECH. When damaged speak slowly and with problems.

20
Q

WERNICKE’S AREA:

A

in the temporal lobe; responsible for COMPREHENDING language. When damaged cannot understand or comprehend speech.

21
Q

EEG

A

(electroencephalogram): ELECTRODES pasted on outside of head, SINGLE LINE CHART showing the activity of billions of neurons.

22
Q

PET scan

A

RADIOACTIVE injection of GLUCOSE, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, or DRUGS showing brain activity by parts and neuron activity.

23
Q

MRI

A

head is put into a strong MAGNETIC field providing IMAGES of the brain’s ANATOMY—changes in BLOOD FLOW and ATOM activity. (PROVIDES BEST IMAGE OF BRAIN) FMRI shot of glucose then MRI

24
Q

CAT CT

A

X RAY PHOTOGRAPHS of damage to the brain.

25
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

A

controls the actions of internal organs and glands. Controls the endocrine system. Ex: queasy in stomach, heart beats faster when you see someone attractive,

26
Q

Two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

1) SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (AROUSING): when you are alarmed, enraged, or excited, “pumped up”.
2) FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE: the sympathetic nervous system prepares your body for a stressful situation and causes you to either fight (take on) the situation or run (flight) from it. ACTIVATES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Ex: adrenaline

27
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (CALMING)

A

when you are calm or “come down” Ex: contracts the pupils, slows the heartbeat,

28
Q

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:

A

neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) then to the muscles that move the skeleton—-anything to do with movement. Activated by pain, touch, changes in temperature, body position and movement period!

29
Q

parts of neurons

A
  1. Cell Body (soma): produces energy (electric charge)
  2. DENDRITES: bushy, thin, fingerlike fiber extensions that receive information.
  3. AXONS: pass information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. (chemical reaction)
    A. MYELIN SHEATH: fatty substance that protects the axon. (if it deteriorates=MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS)
    B. AXON TERMINALS: small fibers that branch out to the synapse.
    SYNAPSE: junction/gap between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
30
Q

Negative Ions

A

interior of axons

31
Q

Positive Ions:

A

exterior of axons

32
Q

SENSORY NEURONS

A

send information from the body’s tissues and sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord where it is processed.

33
Q

AFFERENT NEURONS

A

body to brain

34
Q

INTERNEURONS

A

inside the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)—–send instructions to the motor neurons.

35
Q

MOTOR NEURONS

A

carry information to the proper place in the body. EFFERENT NEURONS: brain to body.

36
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

CHEMICALS that move across the synapse that tells the next neuron to either start an action potential OR not to fire its own action potential.

37
Q

ACETYCHOLINE

A

used by neurons that are involved in MOVEMENT (muscles), MEMORY, and LEARNING.
Disorder: ALZHAIMER’S DISEASE

38
Q

NOREPINEPHRINE

A

used by neurons that are involved in SLEEP, ALERTNESS, MOOD, and LEARNING.
Disorder: (DEPRESSION) any type

39
Q

SEROTONIN

A

used by neurons that are involved in MOOD, APPETITE, AGGRESSION, SLEEP
Disorders: MOOD, EATING, MIGRAINES, DEPRESSION

40
Q

DOPAMINE:

A

used by neurons that are involved in MOVEMENT, LEARNING, ATTENTION, EMOTION
Disorders: SCHIZOPHRENIA, PARKINSON’S DISEASE

41
Q

GABA: (Gamma-aminobotyric acid)

A

used by neurons that are involved in MOVEMENT, SLEEP

Disorders: eating, HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE, EPILEPSY

42
Q

GLUTAMATE

A

used by neurons involved in MEMORY

Disorder: affects of a stroke

43
Q

ENDORPHINS

A

morphine like substances (chemicals) in the brain—PAIN control, “high” after exercise, “fluttery” feeling when you are in love. No disorders—-PAING

44
Q

endocrine system

A

Glands that release chemicals(hormones) into the bloodstream. Like neurotransmitters, these chemicals go to certain areas that result in behavior such as emotional responses, sexuality, and physical things such as growth.

45
Q

PITUITARY GLAND

A

the “master gland”—activates hormones and is responsible for GROWTH.

46
Q

THYROID GLAND

A

produces THYROXIN which affects METABOLISM: the rate at which the body converts food into energy.

47
Q

ADRENAL GLANDS

A

releases the chemical ADRENALINE which causes excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or important activity.

Ap psych (4 decks)

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