Unit 4: Chapter 21

Question 1

Protons will move back down into the matrix down electrochemical gradient though enzyme _______

Answer 1

ATP Synthase

Question 2

ATP Synthase

Answer 2

Catalyzes ATP synthesis from proton motive force and formation of cristae

Question 3

Cristae

Answer 3

Area where protons ready access to ATP synthesis

Question 4

Energy released from proton gradient are used for

Answer 4

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Question 5

Chemiosmotic coupling

Answer 5

proton concentration gradient generated by the electron transport chain, is what drives ATP production via ATP synthase

Question 6

Oxidative phosphorylation depends on creation of ______________

Answer 6

proton gradient

Question 7

Proton gradient is coupled to porduction of ATP in ________________

Answer 7

aerboic metabolism

Question 8

pH of mitochondrial matrix is ____ than pH of intermembrane space

Answer 8

higher
(less protons as they are being pumped out into intermembrane space)

Question 9

pH of intermembrane space is _____ than pH of mitochondrial space

Answer 9

lower
(more protons being pumped into intermembrane space)

Question 10

_____ powers the synthesis of ATP

Answer 10

Proton gradient

Question 11

Proton motive force

Answer 11

• Proton gradient generates by oxidation of NADH and FADH 2
• PMF = chemical gradient and charge gradient

Question 12

ATP Synthase structure

Answer 12

2 units:
1. F1 componet (catalytic)
2. F0 componet (proton conducting)

Question 13

F0 componet of ATP Synthase

Answer 13

Proton conducting
Contains proton channels and embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 14

F1 componet of ATP Synthase

Answer 14

Catalytic site
Contains active sites and protrudes into mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

ATP Synthase binds to one another to form _____ which then oligomerize –> oligomers contribute to fomration of _____

Answer 15

dimers; cristae

Question 16

ATP Synthase contains __ active sites located on ___ beta strands

Answer 16

3 ; 3

Question 17

What connects the F1 and F0 componet of ATP synthase?

Answer 17

Gamma (Y) subunit

Question 18

Each beta catalytic subunit is distinct in conformation for each subunit and interacts different with

Answer 18

Gamma (Y) subunit

Question 19

After proton pump from matrix to intermembrane space, protons return back to the matrix by _______

Answer 19

ATP Synthase

Question 20

ATP synthesis from ATP synthase occurs

Answer 20

matrix

Question 21

Protons flow from ATP synthase leads to release of

Answer 21

tightly bound ATP

Question 22

Three catayltic beta subunits of F1 componet can exist in

Answer 22

3 conformations

Question 23

O (open form) of ATP Synthase

Answer 23

Nucleotides can bind or be released from beta subunit

Question 24

L (loose) form of ATP Synthase

Answer 24

Nucleotides are trapped in beta subunit

Question 25

T (tight) form of ATP Synthase

Answer 25

ATP is synthesized from ADP and Phosphate

Question 26

T form to O form:

Answer 26

releasing ATP

Question 27

L form to T form:

Answer 27

produces ATP

Question 28

The ___ accounts for synthesis of ATP in response to proton flow

Answer 28

binding change mechanism of ATP synthase

Question 29

True or False: no 2 subunits are ever in same conformation of ATP synthase

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Each subunit of ATP synthase cycles through

Answer 30

the 3 conformations

Question 31

____ in proteins are crucial in synthesis of ATP in mitochondria

Answer 31

Conformational changes

Question 32

Shuttles

Answer 32

Transfer electrons produced from cytoplasmic NADH by glycolysis so it can enter mitochondria

Question 33

In muscle, electrons from cytoplasm of NADH enter ETC in mitochondria by

Answer 33

glycerol phosphate shuttle

Question 34

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

Answer 34

From muscle glycolysis 1.5 ATP produced for each cytosolic NADH (1 less than normal) uses complex II NADH (cytoplasm) donates electron to E-FAD (mitochondria) --> NAD+ (cytoplasm) and E-FADH2 (mitochondria)

Question 35

Glycerol 3 phopshate is produced by the reduction of

Answer 35

DHAP: Dihydroxyacetone phosphatate

Question 36

In heart, kidney , and liver, electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are used to generate mitochondrial NADH through

Answer 36

maltate aspartate shuttle

Question 37

maltate aspartate shuttle consists of:

Answer 37

2 membrane transporters and 4 enzymes

Question 38

Maltate aspartate shuttle

Answer 38

NADH (cytoplasm + H+ gives e- to NAD+ (mitchondria) --> NAD+ (cytoplasm) + NADH (mitochondria) 2.5 ATP produced for each cytosolic NADH

Question 39

Oxaloacetate is reduced to _____ in maltate aspartate shutte by _____

Answer 39

maltate; cytosolic maltate dehydrogenase

Question 40

Entry of ADP into mitochondria is coupled to

Answer 40

exit of ATP

Question 41

ATP-ADP translocase

Answer 41

Enables exchange of cytoplasmic ADP for mitochondria ATP powered by proton motive force

Question 42

Mechanism for ATP ADP translocase

Answer 42

1. ATP in cytoplasm allows for ADP to be made and binds to translocase 2. Eversion 3. ADP released into matrix 4. ADP in matrix used to make ATP 5. Eversion 6. ATP released into cytoplasm

Question 43

Cytoplasm and nucleus have more ___ than mitochondria

Answer 43

ATP

Question 44

ATP synthasome

Answer 44

ATP–ADP translocase, the phosphate carrier, and the ATP synthase form complex

Question 45

________ is continous supply of ADP for the cytosol which is entered through ATP ADP translocase to produce ___ and return back to cytoplasm

Answer 45

ATP synthesized in mitochondria; ATP

Question 46

Mitochondrial Transporters

Answer 46

allow metabolic exchange between cytoplasm and mitochondria

Question 47

How is cellular respiration regulated?

Answer 47

By need for ATP

Question 48

Complete oxidation of glucose yield ___ molcules of ATP

Answer 48

30

Question 49

Of the 30 molecules of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose ___ are from oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 49

26

Question 50

When cells need and use little energy

Answer 50

HIgh ATP, low ADP = High ATP/ ADP ratio High NADH, low NAD+ = High NADH/ NAD+ ratio

Question 51

When cells need and use more energy

Answer 51

low ATP, high ADP = low ATP/ ADP ratio low NADH, high NAD+ = low NADH/ NAD+ ratio

Question 52

Rate of oxidation is determined by

Answer 52

the need for ATP

Question 53

electrons do not flow through ETC unless ___ is available

Answer 53

ADP so it can be converted into ATP

Question 54

Acceptor/ respiratory control

Answer 54

regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by ADP (ex of control of metabolism by energy change)

Question 55

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP 1)

Answer 55

generates heat by permitting influx of protons into the mitochondria without synthesis of ATP

Question 56

Uncoupling protein

Answer 56

Protons are not in intermembrane space, but move back into matrix so ATP synthesis and proton gradient can not couple

Question 57

Inhibitors of Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 57

- Inhibition of ETC prevents oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting formation of PMF - - Inhibition of ATP synthase by inhibiting proton flow prevents electron transport - inhibition of ATP ADP translocase prevents oxidative phosphorylation

Question 58

Uncouplers

Answer 58

Carry proteins across inner mitochondria so ETC can function, but ATP synthesis does not occur since proton gradient can never form

Question 59

P/O Ratio

Answer 59

Ratio of ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation to oxygen atoms consumed in electron transport

Question 60

P/O = ? when NADH is oxidized

Answer 60

2.5

Question 61

P/O = ? when FADH2 is oxidized

Answer 61

1.5