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Biochemistry > Unit 4: Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Protons will move back down into the matrix down electrochemical gradient though enzyme _______

A

ATP Synthase

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2
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Catalyzes ATP synthesis from proton motive force and formation of cristae

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3
Q

Cristae

A

Area where protons ready access to ATP synthesis

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4
Q

Energy released from proton gradient are used for

A

phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

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5
Q

Chemiosmotic coupling

A

proton concentration gradient generated by the electron transport chain, is what drives ATP production via ATP synthase

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6
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation depends on creation of ______________

A

proton gradient

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7
Q

Proton gradient is coupled to porduction of ATP in ________________

A

aerboic metabolism

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8
Q

pH of mitochondrial matrix is ____ than pH of intermembrane space

A

higher
(less protons as they are being pumped out into intermembrane space)

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9
Q

pH of intermembrane space is _____ than pH of mitochondrial space

A

lower
(more protons being pumped into intermembrane space)

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10
Q

_____ powers the synthesis of ATP

A

Proton gradient

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11
Q

Proton motive force

A
  • Proton gradient generates by oxidation of NADH and FADH 2
  • PMF = chemical gradient and charge gradient
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12
Q

ATP Synthase structure

A

2 units:
1. F1 componet (catalytic)
2. F0 componet (proton conducting)

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13
Q

F0 componet of ATP Synthase

A

Proton conducting
Contains proton channels and embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

F1 componet of ATP Synthase

A

Catalytic site
Contains active sites and protrudes into mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

ATP Synthase binds to one another to form _____ which then oligomerize –> oligomers contribute to fomration of _____

A

dimers; cristae

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16
Q

ATP Synthase contains __ active sites located on ___ beta strands

A

3 ; 3

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17
Q

What connects the F1 and F0 componet of ATP synthase?

A

Gamma (Y) subunit

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18
Q

Each beta catalytic subunit is distinct in conformation for each subunit and interacts different with

A

Gamma (Y) subunit

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19
Q

After proton pump from matrix to intermembrane space, protons return back to the matrix by _______

A

ATP Synthase

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20
Q

ATP synthesis from ATP synthase occurs

A

matrix

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21
Q

Protons flow from ATP synthase leads to release of

A

tightly bound ATP

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22
Q

Three catayltic beta subunits of F1 componet can exist in

A

3 conformations

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23
Q

O (open form) of ATP Synthase

A

Nucleotides can bind or be released from beta subunit

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24
Q

L (loose) form of ATP Synthase

A

Nucleotides are trapped in beta subunit

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25
Q

T (tight) form of ATP Synthase

A

ATP is synthesized from ADP and Phosphate

26
Q

T form to O form:

A

releasing ATP

27
Q

L form to T form:

A

produces ATP

28
Q

The ___ accounts for synthesis of ATP in response to proton flow

A

binding change mechanism of ATP synthase

29
Q

True or False: no 2 subunits are ever in same conformation of ATP synthase

A

True

30
Q

Each subunit of ATP synthase cycles through

A

the 3 conformations

31
Q

____ in proteins are crucial in synthesis of ATP in mitochondria

A

Conformational changes

32
Q

Shuttles

A

Transfer electrons produced from cytoplasmic NADH by glycolysis so it can enter mitochondria

33
Q

In muscle, electrons from cytoplasm of NADH enter ETC in mitochondria by

A

glycerol phosphate shuttle

34
Q

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

A

From muscle glycolysis
1.5 ATP produced for each cytosolic NADH (1 less than normal) uses complex II
NADH (cytoplasm) donates electron to E-FAD (mitochondria) –> NAD+ (cytoplasm) and E-FADH2 (mitochondria)

35
Q

Glycerol 3 phopshate is produced by the reduction of

A

DHAP: Dihydroxyacetone phosphatate

36
Q

In heart, kidney , and liver, electrons from cytoplasmic NADH are used to generate mitochondrial NADH through

A

maltate aspartate shuttle

37
Q

maltate aspartate shuttle consists of:

A

2 membrane transporters and 4 enzymes

38
Q

Maltate aspartate shuttle

A

NADH (cytoplasm + H+ gives e- to NAD+ (mitchondria)
–> NAD+ (cytoplasm) + NADH (mitochondria)

2.5 ATP produced for each cytosolic NADH

39
Q

Oxaloacetate is reduced to _____ in maltate aspartate shutte by _____

A

maltate; cytosolic maltate dehydrogenase

40
Q

Entry of ADP into mitochondria is coupled to

A

exit of ATP

41
Q

ATP-ADP translocase

A

Enables exchange of cytoplasmic ADP for mitochondria ATP powered by proton motive force

42
Q

Mechanism for ATP ADP translocase

A
  1. ATP in cytoplasm allows for ADP to be made and binds to translocase
  2. Eversion
  3. ADP released into matrix
  4. ADP in matrix used to make ATP
  5. Eversion
  6. ATP released into cytoplasm
43
Q

Cytoplasm and nucleus have more ___ than mitochondria

A

ATP

44
Q

ATP synthasome

A

ATP–ADP translocase, the phosphate carrier, and the
ATP synthase form complex

45
Q

________ is continous supply of ADP for the cytosol which is entered through ATP ADP translocase to produce ___ and return back to cytoplasm

A

ATP synthesized in mitochondria; ATP

46
Q

Mitochondrial Transporters

A

allow metabolic exchange between cytoplasm and mitochondria

47
Q

How is cellular respiration regulated?

A

By need for ATP

48
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose yield ___ molcules of ATP

A

30

49
Q

Of the 30 molecules of ATP from complete oxidation of glucose ___ are from oxidative phosphorylation

A

26

50
Q

When cells need and use little energy

A

HIgh ATP, low ADP = High ATP/ ADP ratio
High NADH, low NAD+ = High NADH/ NAD+ ratio

51
Q

When cells need and use more energy

A

low ATP, high ADP = low ATP/ ADP ratio
low NADH, high NAD+ = low NADH/ NAD+ ratio

52
Q

Rate of oxidation is determined by

A

the need for ATP

53
Q

electrons do not flow through ETC unless ___ is available

A

ADP so it can be converted into ATP

54
Q

Acceptor/ respiratory control

A

regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by ADP
(ex of control of metabolism by energy change)

55
Q

Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP 1)

A

generates heat by permitting influx of protons into the mitochondria without synthesis of ATP

56
Q

Uncoupling protein

A

Protons are not in intermembrane space, but move back into matrix so ATP synthesis and proton gradient can not couple

57
Q

Inhibitors of Oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Inhibition of ETC prevents oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting formation of PMF
    • Inhibition of ATP synthase by inhibiting proton flow prevents electron transport
  • inhibition of ATP ADP translocase prevents oxidative phosphorylation
58
Q

Uncouplers

A

Carry proteins across inner mitochondria so ETC can function, but ATP synthesis does not occur since proton gradient can never form

59
Q

P/O Ratio

A

Ratio of ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation to oxygen atoms consumed in electron transport

60
Q

P/O = ? when NADH is oxidized

A

2.5

61
Q

P/O = ? when FADH2 is oxidized

A

1.5

Biochemistry (17 decks)

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