Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Unit 4: Cell Cycle & Enzymes > Flashcards

Unit 4: Cell Cycle & Enzymes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

A

parent cell divided into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic material in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread-like structures inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies, joined together by a common centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gametes

A

organisms reproductive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centromere

A

constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (Mitosis and Meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitosis

A

type of cell division in which the mother cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

M Phase

A

one parent cell physically divides into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of a cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life, the “metabolic phase”, the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, and replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

G 1

A

the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

G 2 & S Phases

A

in the S phase cell copies its DNA to produce two sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes, G2 phase involves further cell growth and organisation of cellular contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prometaphase

A

second phase of mitosis, process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Metaphase

A

stage during the process of cell division (Mitosis & Meiosis), nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anaphase

A

the fourth phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Telophase

A

fifth and final phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

G 0 Phase

A

period of the cell cycle during which the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

20
Q

Kinetochore

A

arge proteinaceous structure that mediates interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle-microtubule polymers

21
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres

22
Q

Cleavage

A

series of miotic divisions where the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells

23
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

area of cell surface invagination that occurs during the process of cytokinesis

24
Q

Cell Plate

A

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant divides

25
Q

Binary Fission

A

process of one cell simply dividing into two

26
Q

Checkpoint

A

stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the cell examines cues and “decides” whether or not to move forward with division

27
Q

Cell Cycle Control System

A

triggers the major processes of the cell cycle

28
Q

Cyclin

A

group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating particular enzymes

29
Q

MPF

A

Maturation-promoting factor, protein kinase made from two subunits

29
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

A

protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

30
Q

Growth Factor

A

a secreted biologically active molecule that can affect the growth of cells

31
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

happens when cells grow to a limited density then growth becomes inhibited, possibly by cell-cell contacts

32
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

ability of normal cells to grow by attaching themselves to a rigid surface

33
Q

Transformation

A

specific process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane

34
Q

Benign Tumor

A

abnormal but not cancerous collection of cells

35
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

cancerous cells

36
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that speeds up chemical reactions, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction

37
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst and is almost always a protein

38
Q

Activation Energy

A

minimum energy required for a reaction to occur

39
Q

Substrate

A

the surface on which an organism lives or the substance on which an enzyme can act

40
Q

Product

A

end substances after a biological process has occured

41
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme

42
Q

Active Site

A

the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed

43
Q

Induced Fit

A

the substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for the catalyst

44
Q

Cofactors

A

a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzymes role as a catalyst

45
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

46
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

competes with substrate for binding to an active site

47
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

inhibitor binds at an allosteric site separate from the active site of substrate binding

48
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site

49
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

cellular control mechanism, in which the activity of an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a biochemical pathway

AP Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions