Unit 4: Cell Cycle & Enzymes

Question 1

Cell Division

Answer 1

parent cell divided into two daughter cells

Question 2

Genome

Answer 2

complete set of genetic material in an organism

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

thread-like structures inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells

Question 4

Chromatin

Answer 4

mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

Question 5

Somatic Cells

Answer 5

cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 6

Sister Chromatids

Answer 6

the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies, joined together by a common centromere

Question 6

Gametes

Answer 6

organisms reproductive cells

Question 7

Centromere

Answer 7

constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (Mitosis and Meiosis)

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

type of cell division in which the mother cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to itself

Question 9

Cytokinesis

Answer 9

physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

Question 10

M Phase

Answer 10

one parent cell physically divides into two daughter cells

Question 11

Interphase

Answer 11

the phase of a cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life, the “metabolic phase”, the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, and replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis

Question 12

G 1

Answer 12

the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis

Question 13

G 2 & S Phases

Answer 13

in the S phase cell copies its DNA to produce two sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes, G2 phase involves further cell growth and organisation of cellular contents

Question 14

Prophase

Answer 14

the first phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 15

Prometaphase

Answer 15

second phase of mitosis, process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 16

Metaphase

Answer 16

stage during the process of cell division (Mitosis & Meiosis), nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

Question 17

Anaphase

Answer 17

the fourth phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Question 18

Telophase

Answer 18

fifth and final phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two daughter cells

Question 19

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 19

macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis

Question 20

G 0 Phase

Answer 20

period of the cell cycle during which the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

Question 20

Kinetochore

Answer 20

arge proteinaceous structure that mediates interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle-microtubule polymers

Question 21

Metaphase Plate

Answer 21

imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres

Question 22

Cleavage

Answer 22

series of miotic divisions where the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells

Question 23

Cleavage Furrow

Answer 23

area of cell surface invagination that occurs during the process of cytokinesis

Question 24

Cell Plate

Answer 24

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant divides

Question 25

Binary Fission

Answer 25

process of one cell simply dividing into two

Question 26

Checkpoint

Answer 26

stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the cell examines cues and "decides" whether or not to move forward with division

Question 27

Cell Cycle Control System

Answer 27

triggers the major processes of the cell cycle

Question 28

Cyclin

Answer 28

group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating particular enzymes

Question 29

MPF

Answer 29

Maturation-promoting factor, protein kinase made from two subunits

Question 29

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Answer 29

protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

Question 30

Growth Factor

Answer 30

a secreted biologically active molecule that can affect the growth of cells

Question 31

Density-Dependent Inhibition

Answer 31

happens when cells grow to a limited density then growth becomes inhibited, possibly by cell-cell contacts

Question 32

Anchorage Dependence

Answer 32

ability of normal cells to grow by attaching themselves to a rigid surface

Question 33

Transformation

Answer 33

specific process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane

Question 34

Benign Tumor

Answer 34

abnormal but not cancerous collection of cells

Question 35

Malignant Tumor

Answer 35

cancerous cells

Question 36

Catalyst

Answer 36

substance that speeds up chemical reactions, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction

Question 37

Enzyme

Answer 37

biological catalyst and is almost always a protein

Question 38

Activation Energy

Answer 38

minimum energy required for a reaction to occur

Question 39

Substrate

Answer 39

the surface on which an organism lives or the substance on which an enzyme can act

Question 40

Product

Answer 40

end substances after a biological process has occured

Question 41

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Answer 41

temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme

Question 42

Active Site

Answer 42

the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed

Question 43

Induced Fit

Answer 43

the substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for the catalyst

Question 44

Cofactors

Answer 44

a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzymes role as a catalyst

Question 45

Coenzymes

Answer 45

organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

Question 46

Competitive Inhibitors

Answer 46

competes with substrate for binding to an active site

Question 47

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Answer 47

inhibitor binds at an allosteric site separate from the active site of substrate binding

Question 48

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 48

any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site

Question 49

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 49

cellular control mechanism, in which the activity of an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a biochemical pathway