Unit 2: Cells & Transport

Question 1

Microscopy

Answer 1

the technical field of using microscopes to view samples & objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

Question 2

Light Microscopes

Answer 2

an instrument for visualizing the fine detail of an object

Question 3

Electron Microscopes

Answer 3

an instrument that uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen

Question 4

Organelles

Answer 4

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

Question 5

Scanning Electron Microscopes

Answer 5

an instrument that produces a largely magnified image by using electrons instead of light to form an image

Question 6

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 6

a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens

Question 7

Cell Fractionation

Answer 7

separates subcellular components and organelles, so that the structures, functions, and molecular compositions of isolated components may be studied

Question 8

Cytosol

Answer 8

fluid present in a cell, part of the cytoplasm

Question 9

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 9

nucleus enclosed in the nuclear membrane, and forms large complex organisms. Ex. Plants, Animals, Humans, ETC.

Question 10

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 10

smaller than Euk, it has no nucleus and lacks organelles and cell walls around it. Ex. Bacteria

Question 11

Nucleoid

Answer 11

irregular-shaped region in a prokaryote and contains most or all of the genetic material (DNA)

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 13

Plasma Membrane

Answer 13

found in all cells, separates interior of cell from outside environment

Question 14

Nucleus

Answer 14

structure in a cell that contains chromosomes, DNA > RNA

Question 15

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 15

separates the nucleus and the cytoplasm, structural framework of nucleus

Question 16

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 16

structure near the inner nuclear membrane

Question 17

Chromosomes

Answer 17

structure found in the nucleus of a cell

Question 18

Chromatin

Answer 18

mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

Question 19

Nucleolus

Answer 19

largest nuclear organelle, primary site of ribosomes subunit in euk cells

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

intercellular structure made of RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

Question 21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 21

makes hormones and lipids, found in animal and plant cells

Question 22

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 22

cellular organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels

Question 23

Endomembrane System

Answer 23

euk cells, modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

Question 24

Vesicles

Answer 24

move substances into or out of the cell

Question 25

Glycoproteins

Answer 25

protein and carbohydrate chains that help with immunity and other things

Question 26

Transport Vesicles

Answer 26

move materials from one part of the cell to another

Question 27

Lysosomes

Answer 27

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids

Question 28

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 28

small flat sacs formed by membranes in the cell's cytoplasm, prepare protein and lipid molecules for use in places inside and outside the cell

Question 29

Phagocytosis

Answer 29

cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells, an essential process for tissue homeostasis

Question 30

Vacuoles

Answer 30

membrane-bound organelles that can be found in both animals and plants

Question 31

Mitochondria

Answer 31

membrane-bound organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

Question 32

Chloroplast

Answer 32

convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via photosynthesis

Question 33

Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 33

some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes

Question 34

Cristae

Answer 34

folds in the inner mitochondria membrane

Question 35

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 35

performs the process of aerobic respiration, contains ribosomes resembling bacteria

Question 36

Photosynthesis

Answer 36

the process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create energy in the form of sugar

Question 37

Cellular Respiration

Answer 37

process where cells get energy from glucose

Question 38

Thylakoids

Answer 38

pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell

Question 39

Granum

Answer 39

a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts, multiple flattened membranes stacked together

Question 40

Plastids

Answer 40

double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae

Question 41

Peroxisome

Answer 41

small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism

Question 42

Cytoskeleton

Answer 42

structure that helps cells keep their structure as well as shape and internal structure

Question 43

Motor Proteins

Answer 43

driving force behind muscle contraction and are responsible for the active transport of most proteins and vesicles in the cytoplasm

Question 44

Microtubules

Answer 44

narrow hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells

Question 45

Centrosome

Answer 45

an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression

Question 46

Centrioles

Answer 46

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Question 47

Flagella

Answer 47

microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell

Question 48

Cilia

Answer 48

small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells

Question 49

Microfilaments

Answer 49

They function in cellular movement, have a diameter of about 7 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin

Question 50

Actin

Answer 50

forms filaments that provide cells with mechanical support and driving forces for movement

Question 51

Myosin

Answer 51

proteins that convert chemical energy (ATP) to mechanical energy, generating force and movement

Question 52

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 52

specialized to provide mechanical support for the cell, long strands of protein

Question 53

Cell Wall

Answer 53

structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found outside the cell membrane

Question 54

Collagen

Answer 54

protein molecules made up of amino acids,

Question 55

Proteoglycans

Answer 55

the "filler" substance existing between cells in an organism, major component of animal cells

Question 56

Fibronectin

Answer 56

glycoprotein that is composed of blocks of three types of repeating, homologous peptide sequences

Question 57

Integrins

Answer 57

principal receptors used by animal cells to bind to the extracellular metrix

Question 58

Food Vauole

Answer 58

has a digestive function

Question 59

Contractile Vacuole

Answer 59

pump water out of the cell

Question 60

Central Vacuole

Answer 60

storage tank for water and other molecules

Question 61

Primary Cell Wall

Answer 61

cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing

Question 62

Secondary Cell Wall

Answer 62

located between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane, found in many plant cells

Question 63

Middle Lamella

Answer 63

pectin layer made up of calcium and magnesium pectate