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AP Biology > Unit 3: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Fermentation

A

another anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose, the only energy extraction pathway is glycolysis, with one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end.

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2
Q

Aerobic Resp

A

process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

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3
Q

Cellular Resp

A

process by which cells derive energy from glucose

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4
Q

Oxidation

A

a chemical reaction that takes place when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or another oxidizing substance

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5
Q

Reduction

A

reaction in which electrons are added to a compound

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6
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen, occurs in aerobic and anaerobic organisms

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8
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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9
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

cellular processes that harness the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

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10
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

the direct formation of ATP pr GTP by transferring a phosphate group from high energy compound to an ADP or GDP molecule

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11
Q

Glycolysis

A

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

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12
Q

Energy Investment

A

initial stage where two ATP molecules are used to break down glucose

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13
Q

Transition Reaction (acetyl CoA)

A

connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

Cytochromes

A

group of proteins responsible for electron transport in the electron transport chain

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15
Q

ATP Synthase

A

enzyme that synthesizes ATP in the mitochondrial inner membrane

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16
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

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17
Q

Proton-Motive Force

A

the force that promotes the movement of protons across membranes down the electrochemical potential

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18
Q

Lactic Acid Ferm

A

type of anaerobic respiration that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP

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19
Q

Alcohol Ferm

A

biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

organisms that can grow and survive only in the absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent

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22
Q

Mesophyll

A

internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layer of the leaf

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23
Q

Stomata

A

tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves

24
Q

Stroma

A

the cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissue in the body

25
Q

Thylakoids

A

pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell

26
Q

Chlorophyll

A

a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms

27
Q

Light Reaction

A

the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP

28
Q

NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, used in Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses

29
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII

30
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms

31
Q

Wavelength

A

length of a single wave, measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next

32
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

the range of all types of EM radiation

33
Q

Visible Light

A

segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view

34
Q

Photons

A

no electric charge or rest mass and one unit of spin

35
Q

Spectrophotometer

A

an instrument used for detecting the presence of any light-absorbing particles dissolved in a solution and for measuring the concentration of those particles

36
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

graph that allows the absorbance of different wavelengths of light by a particular pigment

37
Q

Chlorophyll A & B

A

Chlorophyll A- It is the most abundant type of chlorophyll, which absorbs light rays of wavelengths of 429 nm and 659 nm most effectively. Chlorophyll B- It is a type of accessory pigment responsible for passing on light energy to chlorophyll a. It is found in plants and green algae.

38
Q

Action Spectrum

A

indicates which wavelengths of irradiation are most effective in eliciting a response

39
Q

Carotenoids

A

pigments found in plants and microorganisms, but not synthesized in animals

40
Q

Photosystem 1

A

multisubunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membranes of green plants and algae

41
Q

Reaction-Center Complex

A

complexes of pigment and protein that convert the electromagnetic energy of sunlight into chemical potential energy

42
Q

Light-Harvesting Complex

A

complex composed of a large number of pigment molecules bound to proteins

43
Q

Linear Electron Flow

A

pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light and passes energy through a light-harvesting complex to the P680 pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the PS II reaction center complex

44
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow

A

produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH, thereby supplying additional ATP for other metabolic processes

45
Q

G3P

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate, conserved three-carbon sugar

46
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms

47
Q

Reduction

A

reaction in which electrons are added to a compound

48
Q

Regeneration of CO 2 Acceptor

A

the five G3Ps are reorganized into three five-carbon compounds through a complex series of reactions. Each five-carbon compound ultimately gains a phosphate from ATP which is converted to ADP, to regenerate the starting molecule, RuBP

49
Q

Inputs of Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH and FADH2

50
Q

Outputs Electron Transport Chain

A

ATP molecules generated by oxidative phosphorylation, water molecules

51
Q

Glycolysis Inputs & Outputs

A

produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water

52
Q

Aerobic Organisms

A

organisms that need oxygen to make energy

53
Q

Anaerobic Organisms

A

germs that can survive and grow where there is no oxygen

54
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Inputs

A

acetyl-CoA molecules

55
Q

Citric Acid Cycle Outputs

A

NADH and FADH2

56
Q

Energy Payoff

A

cell gains two ATP and two NADH compounds

57
Q

Photosystem 2

A

membrane protein supercomplex that executes the initial reaction of photosynthesis in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

AP Biology (8 decks)

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