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AP Biology > Unit 3: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Fermentation

A

another anaerobic pathway for breaking down glucose, the only energy extraction pathway is glycolysis, with one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end.

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2
Q

Aerobic Resp

A

process of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food

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3
Q

Cellular Resp

A

process by which cells derive energy from glucose

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4
Q

Oxidation

A

a chemical reaction that takes place when a substance comes into contact with oxygen or another oxidizing substance

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5
Q

Reduction

A

reaction in which electrons are added to a compound

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6
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen, occurs in aerobic and anaerobic organisms

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8
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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9
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

cellular processes that harness the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

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10
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

A

the direct formation of ATP pr GTP by transferring a phosphate group from high energy compound to an ADP or GDP molecule

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11
Q

Glycolysis

A

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

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12
Q

Energy Investment

A

initial stage where two ATP molecules are used to break down glucose

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13
Q

Transition Reaction (acetyl CoA)

A

connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

Cytochromes

A

group of proteins responsible for electron transport in the electron transport chain

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15
Q

ATP Synthase

A

enzyme that synthesizes ATP in the mitochondrial inner membrane

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16
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient

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17
Q

Proton-Motive Force

A

the force that promotes the movement of protons across membranes down the electrochemical potential

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18
Q

Lactic Acid Ferm

A

type of anaerobic respiration that breaks down sugars to produce energy in the form of ATP

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19
Q

Alcohol Ferm

A

biological process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

organisms that can grow and survive only in the absence of oxygen

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21
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent

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22
Q

Mesophyll

A

internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layer of the leaf

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23
Q

Stomata

A

tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves

24
Q

Stroma

A

the cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands, or other tissue in the body

25
Thylakoids
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
26
Chlorophyll
a pigment present in all green plants and a few other organisms
27
Light Reaction
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
28
NADP+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, used in Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses
29
Photophosphorylation
the conversion of ADP to ATP using the energy of sunlight by activation of PSII
30
Carbon Fixation
the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms
31
Wavelength
length of a single wave, measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next
32
Electromagnetic Spectrum
the range of all types of EM radiation
33
Visible Light
segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view
34
Photons
no electric charge or rest mass and one unit of spin
35
Spectrophotometer
an instrument used for detecting the presence of any light-absorbing particles dissolved in a solution and for measuring the concentration of those particles
36
Absorption Spectrum
graph that allows the absorbance of different wavelengths of light by a particular pigment
37
Chlorophyll A & B
Chlorophyll A- It is the most abundant type of chlorophyll, which absorbs light rays of wavelengths of 429 nm and 659 nm most effectively. Chlorophyll B- It is a type of accessory pigment responsible for passing on light energy to chlorophyll a. It is found in plants and green algae.
38
Action Spectrum
indicates which wavelengths of irradiation are most effective in eliciting a response
39
Carotenoids
pigments found in plants and microorganisms, but not synthesized in animals
40
Photosystem 1
multisubunit protein complex located in the thylakoid membranes of green plants and algae
41
Reaction-Center Complex
complexes of pigment and protein that convert the electromagnetic energy of sunlight into chemical potential energy
42
Light-Harvesting Complex
complex composed of a large number of pigment molecules bound to proteins
43
Linear Electron Flow
pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light and passes energy through a light-harvesting complex to the P680 pair of chlorophyll a molecules in the PS II reaction center complex
44
Cyclic Electron Flow
produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH, thereby supplying additional ATP for other metabolic processes
45
G3P
Glycerol-3-phosphate, conserved three-carbon sugar
46
Carbon Fixation
conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic molecules by autotrophic organisms
47
Reduction
reaction in which electrons are added to a compound
48
Regeneration of CO 2 Acceptor
the five G3Ps are reorganized into three five-carbon compounds through a complex series of reactions. Each five-carbon compound ultimately gains a phosphate from ATP which is converted to ADP, to regenerate the starting molecule, RuBP
49
Inputs of Electron Transport Chain
NADH and FADH2
50
Outputs Electron Transport Chain
ATP molecules generated by oxidative phosphorylation, water molecules
51
Glycolysis Inputs & Outputs
produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water
52
Aerobic Organisms
organisms that need oxygen to make energy
53
Anaerobic Organisms
germs that can survive and grow where there is no oxygen
54
Citric Acid Cycle Inputs
acetyl-CoA molecules
55
Citric Acid Cycle Outputs
NADH and FADH2
56
Energy Payoff
cell gains two ATP and two NADH compounds
57
Photosystem 2
membrane protein supercomplex that executes the initial reaction of photosynthesis in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

AP Biology (8 decks)

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