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AP Biology > Unit 4 - Cell Communication and Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

types of cell signals

A

lipid based and protein based

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2
Q

lipid based chemical signals

A
  • nonpolar (not soluble in water)
  • hydrophobic
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3
Q

since lipid based chemical signals are hydrophobic, what does this mean about cell membrane intercation

A

means it can go through the cell membrane

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4
Q

examples of lipid based chemical signals

A

steroids - estrogen, testosterone

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5
Q

what is the importance of lipid based chemical signals

A

they are important because they can pass right into the nucleus and modify DNA or gene expression

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6
Q

protein based chemical signals

A
  • polar
  • soluble in H2O
  • hydrophillic
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7
Q

examples of protein based chemical signals

A
  • epinephrine
  • human growth hormone
  • insulin
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8
Q

mechanisms of transmitting the signals

A
  • direct cell to cell contact
  • short distances
  • long distances
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9
Q

juxtacrine

A
  • signal transmitting mechanism
  • direct cell to cell contact
    ex: plasmodesmata, gap junctions, WBC’s
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10
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • juxtacrine
  • plant cells
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11
Q

paracrine

A
  • over short distances with chemical signals
  • local regulators

ex: WBC’s, skin cells, neurons, quorom sensing

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12
Q

endocrine

A
  • over long distances with chemical signals traveling within the blood
  • endocrine system
  • hormones
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13
Q

autocrine

A
  • self signaling

ex: cancer

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14
Q

antigens

A

a chemical nametag for identification

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15
Q

explain juxtacrine

A
  • macrophage attacks pathogen
  • macrophage engulfs pathogen
  • macrophage presents atnigen on cell membrane
  • helper T-cell attaches and takes antigen
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16
Q

what happens to a cell infected with a virus

A

it presents the antigen

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17
Q

what happens after the infected cell presents antigen

A
  • cytoxic T-cell connects to antigen
  • local regulator makes cytoxic T-cell destroy cell
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18
Q

what happens after the local regulator makes cytoxic T-cell destroys cell

A

helper T-cell releases cytokines (local regulators)

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19
Q

local regulators

A
  • chemicals released in short distances
  • “signals”
  • not in the bloodstream
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20
Q

how do bacteria communicate?

A

a bacteria will send out a signal

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21
Q

if bacteria gets a weak response, what happens?

A

nothing happens

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22
Q

if bacteria gets a strong response, what happens

A

gene transcriptions activated

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23
Q

endocrine system: glands

A

release hormones in the bloodstream
- target cells will have the receptors for the hormone

24
Q

ligand

A
  • the chemical messenger

ex: insuline, hormones, local regulators

25
Q

types of ligands

A

lipid based and protein based

26
Q

signal reception

A
  • a cell receiving a message (ligand)
  • ligand binds to receptor
27
Q

protein based ligands have which type of receptor protein

A

they have a transmembrane receptor protein

28
Q

lipid based ligands have which type of receptor protein

A

they have a intracellular receptor protein

29
Q

signal transduction relies on what

A

it relies on signal reception which link to cellular response

30
Q

transmembrane receptor proteins are made by which type of ribosomes

A

bound ribosomes (make proteins for cell membrane)

31
Q

extracellular domain of transmembrane receptor proteins

A
  • outside
  • where the ligand binds
  • polar
32
Q

transmembrane region/domain

A
  • nonpolar
33
Q

intracellular region/domain

A
  • polar
34
Q

extracellular domain

A
  • where the ligand attaches
  • polar
35
Q

types of transmembrane proteins

A
  1. G-Protein Receptors
  2. receptor tyrosine kinases
  3. ligand gated ion channels
36
Q

g-protein linked receptor: components

A
  • alpha, beta, gamma subunit and GDP molecule
37
Q

g-protein linked receptor: a shape change does what

A

a shape change in the receptor protein activates G-Protein

GDP -> GTP
- alpha subunit breaks off from beta/gamma

38
Q

what keeps the g-proteins in place

A
  • tails keep G-protein in place
  • if it was polar, this wont happen
39
Q

steps of G-Protein reception

A
  1. ligand attaches to the G-Protein linked receptor
  2. attachment led to a conformational change in shape
  3. change in shape activates g-protein
  4. alpha subunit breaks free, GDP is replaced with GTP
40
Q

what is the function of epinephrine

A
  • fight or flight response
  • increases heart rate
  • breathing rate increases
  • cell respiration increases -> need more C6H12O6
41
Q

what happens after the alpha subunit breaks free, and GDP is replaced with GTP (g-protein reception)

A
  1. when ligand is removed the receptor returns to original shape
  2. active g-protein diffuses across membrane
  3. activates adenylyl cyclase (changes shape)
  4. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. alpha subunit comes off adenylyl cyclase and returns to inactive form
  6. alpha subunit hydrolyses GTP to GDP (inactive)
42
Q

what does adenylyl cyclase do?

A

it converts ATP to cyclic AMP

43
Q

cyclic AMP

A
  • second messenger
  • relaying the original message into the cell
  • amplify the message
44
Q

does the adenylyl cyclase move?

A

this doesn’t move

45
Q

now that the original signal/message (epinephrine) has been relayed/converted into an intracellular signal (cAMP as the second messenger), what next?

A
46
Q

kinases

A
  • proteins
  • function is to phosphorylate other proteins (kinases, enzymes)
47
Q

phosphotase

A

removes phosphate from proteins

48
Q

g-protein reception: what happens after alpha subunit hydrolyses GTP to GDP (inactive)

A
  1. cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A
  2. protein kinase A removes a phosphate from ATP
  3. uses that P to phosphorylate the next protein kinase
49
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A
  • a chain reaction
  • one kinase phosphorylates the next and so on
  • this cascade amplifies the signal within the cell
50
Q

g-protein reception: what happens following phosphorylation cascade

A
  1. protein kinase A is deactivated, cyclic AMP is turned into just AMP
  2. protein kinase 1 picks up a phosphate and phosphorylates protein kinase 2
  3. protein kinase 2 activates an enzyme that will hydrolyze glycogen
51
Q

do protein kinases stay active or inactive

A

inactive

52
Q

what does adding a phosphate do

A

it changes the shape therefore also the function

53
Q

dimer

A
54
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase: insulin

A
  1. insulin attaches to the ligand bonding site
  2. forms a dimer
  3. causes auto phosphorylating which activates the dimer
  4. the dimer will phosphorylate relay proteins to pass the message on
  5. this will relay the message and bring about a cell response
55
Q

what does insulin do

A

it reduces blood sugar

**HOW**

56
Q
A

AP Biology (4 decks)

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