Unit 4: Biological Bases Of Bahviour (Chapter 3) Flashcards
Sensory neurons
Carry messages from the sensory organs (e.g., eyes, tongue, skin) to the spinal cord and the brain.
Neuron
Cell of the nervous system specialized for sending and receiving neural messages. There are approx. 100 billion neurons in the brain making 100 trillion connections.
Motor neurons
Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Interneurons
Within the the brain and spinal cord collect, integrate, & retrieve messages from various sources.
Dendrites
Receive chemical messages from other neurons. Search to increase the surface area of the cell to recieve messages.
Cell body/soma
Collects neural impulses, contains the nucleus, sustains cell functions.
Axon
Transports electrical impulses to other neurons via the terminal branches.
Axon terminals/terminal branches
Convert electrical signals into chemical messages for other neurons.
Myelin sheath
Fatty layer that insulates the axons & speeds up transmission of electrical signals. Helps speed up the propagation of the action potential by ensuring the electrical messages meet less resistance.
“Underdevelopped prefrontal cortex” = Neurons not all myelated yet! Slower messages sent at 0.5-2 m/s.
Glia
Nervous system cells that perform variety of critical support functions. Make up the myelin sheath around neurons to insulate, support and nourish neurons and modulate neuronal function.
Glial cell functions
- Provide structural support & scaffolding for neurons (“guide them”).
- Clean up debris.
- Form blood-brain barrier (prevent blood toxins to enter the brain tissue).
- Facilitating neurons between neurons and pruning unneeded (excess/weak) connections.
- Nutrient supply.
- Insulation (myelin sheath).
Action potential
Electrical impulses fired off by neurons to “talk” to one another. Generated at the junction between the axon and the cell body. Causes the depolarization (rapid change in voltage) of said area and the opening of sodium channels. Travel down the length of the axon to its terminal, where they signal release of chemical messages to neighbouring cells.
Cell membrane
Thin fatty “skin” enclosing the neuron:
- Separates the intracellular fluid inside the neuron and extracellular fluid
outside the neuron.
- Intracellular and extracellular fluids contain various electrically charged particles (ions). Ex: sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+).
- Cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing for passage of certain ions and not others.
Resting potential
Electrical charge across the membrane (~70 millivolts). In this state:
- More negatively charged particles inside the cell than outside.
- Neuron cannot fire action potential.
Ion channels
“Gate-type structures” in the cell membrane at the end of the axon, adjeacent to the soma. Open when the neuron is sufficiently stimulated by other neurons, and allow positively charged Na+ ions to enter. Electrical charge then begins to reverse.
I.e. the channels that allow chemical ions to enter and exit the neuronal membrane to generate the voltage for resting and action potentials.
Depolarization
The reversal of the electrical charge (more +) across the membrane of the neuron. The first phase of the action potential.
Less of a difference in the charges of the extracellular and intracellular liquids.
Voltage threshold
Critical level to which a neuron’s membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate action potential (~55 mV). Once threshold is passed, voltage-gated ion channels open allowing positively charged sodium (Na+) ions to flood in. The interior of the cell is now more + charged than the outside. All or nothing response. There is no such thing as a strong/weak action potential.
Repolarization
The portion of the action potential during which the cell returns to its resting potential. As depolarization occurs, channels that were letting sodium (Na+) pass through close, but potassium (K+) channels remain open and those ions flow out of the cell.
Refractory period
Temporary dip below resting potential. During this period it is very hard to get the neuron to fire again. This period also ensure that action potential is propagated forward.
Synaptic cleft
Gap separating neurons. To traverse synapse, electrical signal has to be converted to a chemical one. To do do, presynaptic neurons send neurotranmitters.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers released upon arrival of the action potential. Sent by presynaptic neurons to convert the electrical signal to a chemical one, and allow it to traverse synapse. Cross the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
Receptor
Channel in membrane of a neuron that binds neurotransmitters in a “lock-and-key” manner.
Tidying up the synapse : Diffusion
Neurotransmitters drift out of synapse.
ESSENTIAL TO TIDY UP THE SYNAPSE TO TERMINATE THE CHEMICAL MESSAGE.
Tidying up the synapse : Degradation
Neurotransmitters are broken down in the synapse.
ESSENTIAL TO TIDY UP THE SYNAPSE TO TERMINATE THE CHEMICAL MESSAGE.