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MLT 1010 > Unit 4 - Basic Immunology & Immunohematology (vocab) > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Basic Immunology & Immunohematology (vocab) Flashcards

1
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping or aggregation of particulate antigens resulting from reaction with specific antibody

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2
Q

allergy

A

a condition resulting from an exaggerated immune response; hypersensitivity

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3
Q

anamnestic response

A

rapid increase in blood immunoglobulins following a second exposure to an antigen; also called booster response or secondary response

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4
Q

antibody (Ab)

A

protein that is induced by, and reacts specifically with, a foreign substance (antigen); immunoglobulin

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5
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

foreign substance that induces an immune response by causing production of antibodies and/or sensitized lymphocytes that react specifically with that substance; immunogen

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6
Q

autoimmune disease

A

disease caused when the immune response is directed at one’s own tissues (self-antigens)

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7
Q

B lymphocyte (B cell)

A

the type of lymphocyte primarily responsible for the humoral immune response

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8
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

immunity provided by T lymphocytes and cytokines

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9
Q

complement

A

a group of plasma proteins that can be activated in immune reactions, can cause cell lysis, and can help initiate the inflammatory response

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10
Q

cytokines

A

any of various non-antibody proteins secreted by cells of the immune system and that help regulate the immune response; lymphokines

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11
Q

dendritic cells

A

cells in lymphoid tissues that form a network to trap foreign antigens

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12
Q

enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

A

an assay that uses an enzyme-labeled antibody as a reactant

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13
Q

epitope

A

the portion of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody; antigenic determinant

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14
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity provided by B lymphocytes and antibodies

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15
Q

immunocompetent

A

capable of producing a normal immune response

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16
Q

immunocompromised

A

having the reduced ability to produce a normal immune response

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17
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

antibodies; proteins that are induced by and react specifically with antigens (immunogens)

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18
Q

immunology

A

the branch of medicine encompassing the study of the immune processes and immunity

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19
Q

immunosuppression

A

suppression of the immune response by physical, chemical, or biological means

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20
Q

inflammation

A

a nonspecific protective response to tissue injury that is initiated primarily by the release of chemicals such as histamine and serotonin and by the actions of phagocytic cells

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21
Q

lymphokines

A

non-antibody proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigen stimulation and that play a role in regulating the immune response; cytokines

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22
Q

macrophages

A

long-lived phagocytic tissue cells that are derived from blood monocytes, function in destruction of foreign antigens, and serve as antigen-presenting cells

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23
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

antibody derived from a single cell line or clone

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24
Q

plasma cell

A

a differentiated B lymphocyte that produces antibodies

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25
Q

polyclonal antibodies

A

antibodies derived from more than one cell line

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26
Q

precipitation

A

formation of an insoluble antigen-antibody complex

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27
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

organs in which B and T lymphocytes acquire their special characteristics; in humans, the bone marrow and thymus

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28
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

tissues in which lymphocytes are concentrated, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils

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29
Q

seroconversion

A

the appearance of antibody in the serum or plasma of an individual following exposure to an antigen

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30
Q

T lymphocyte (T cell)

A

the type of lymphocyte responsible for the cell-mediated immune response

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31
Q

thymus

A

a gland located in the upper chest that is the primary lymphoid tissue in which lymphocytes mature and acquire T cell characteristic

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32
Q

titer

A

in serology, the reciprocal of the highest dilution that gives the desired reaction; the concentration of a substance determined by titration

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33
Q

serology

A

the study of antibodies and antigens in serum or plasma using immunological methods

34
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)

A

a syndrome characterized by prolonged fatigue and other nonspecific symptoms, and for which the cause remains unknown

35
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

a virus that infects lymphocytes and is the cause of infectious mononucleosis

36
Q

hepatosplenomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver and spleen

37
Q

heterophilic antibodies

A

a group of multi-specific antibodies that are increased in infectious mononucleosis and that react with heterogenous antigens not responsible for their production

38
Q

incubation period

A

the time elapsed between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of symptoms

39
Q

infectious mononucleosis (IM)

A

a contagious viral disease occurring in primarily the 15- to 25-year-old age-group and caused by infection with Epstein-Barr virus

40
Q

latent

A

dormant; in an inactive or hidden phase

41
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

a condition in which the lymph glands are enlarged or swollen

42
Q

lymphocytosis

A

an increase above the normal number of lymphocytes in the blood

43
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints, due to several causes

44
Q

autoantibody

A

an antibody directed against self (one’s own tissues)

45
Q

reciprocal

A

inverse; one of a pair of numbers (as 2/3 and 3/2) that has a product of one

46
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

an autoimmune disease characterized by pain, inflammation, and deformity of the joints

47
Q

rheumatoid factors (RFs)

A

autoantibodies directed against the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and often present in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

48
Q

scleroderma

A

a systemic or localized autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by a chronic hardening (sclero) of skin (derma) and connective tissue

49
Q

Sjögren’s syndrome

A

a systemic autoimmune disease affecting moisture-producing glands such as tear, sweat, and saliva glands but also affecting organs

50
Q

synovial

A

of, or relating to, the lubricating fluid of the joints

51
Q

agglutination inhibition

A

interference with, or prevention of, agglutination

52
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

development of fetus outside the uterus; extrauterine pregnancy

53
Q

hemagglutination

A

the agglutination of red blood cells

54
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

the hormone of pregnancy, produced by the placenta; also called uterine chorionic gonadotropic (uCG)

55
Q

implantation

A

attachment of the early embryo to the uterus

56
Q

teratogenic

A

relating to a substance or agent capable of leading to birth defects by causing change or harm to a fetus or embryo, or interfering with normal fetal development

57
Q

trophoblastic

A

relating to embryonic nutritive tissue

58
Q

American Association of Blood Banks (AABB)

A

international association that sets blood bank standards, accredits blood banks, and promotes high standards of performance in the presence of transfusion medicine

59
Q

apheresis

A

the process of removing a specific component, such as platelets, from donor blood, and returning the remaining blood components to donor circulation

60
Q

blood bank

A

clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until needed for transfusion; also called immunohematology department or transfusion services; the refrigerated unit used for storing blood components

61
Q

immunohematology

A

the study of the human blood groups; in the clinical laboratory, often called blood banking or transfusion services

62
Q

transplant

A

living tissue placed into the body; the placing of living tissue into the body

63
Q

allele

A

one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation

64
Q

antiserum

A

serum that contains antibodies

65
Q

blood bank

A

clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until needed for transfusion; also called immunohematology department or transfusion services; the refrigerated unit used for storing blood components

66
Q

blood group antibody

A

a protein (immunoglobulin) that reacts specifically with a blood group antigen

67
Q

blood group antigen

A

a substance or structure on the red blood cell membrane that stimulates antibody formation and reacts with that antibody

68
Q

codominant

A

in genetics, a gene that is expressed in the heterozygous state, that is, in the presence of a different allelic gene

69
Q

forward grouping

A

the use of known antisera (antibodies) to detect unknown antigens on a patient’s cells; forward typing; direct grouping

70
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and that are the structural units of heredity

71
Q

histocompatibility testing

A

assays to determine if donor and recipient tissue are compatible

72
Q

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

A

one of several antigens present on leukocytes and other body cells that are important in transplant rejection

73
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

the group of genes responsible for producing antigens such as HLA that are important in organ and tissue transplants

74
Q

reverse grouping

A

the use of known cells (antigens) to identify unknown antibodies in the patient’s serum or plasma

75
Q

serological centrifuge

A

a centrifuge that spins small tubes such as those used in blood banking; serofuge

76
Q

allele

A

one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation

77
Q

anti-human globulin test

A

a sensitive test that uses a commercial anti-human globulin reagent to detect human globulin coated on red blood cells; antiglobulin test; Coomb’s test

78
Q

feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH)

A

the occurrence of fetal blood cells entering into the maternal circulation before or during delivery

79
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

a condition in which maternal antibody targets fetal red blood cells for destruction

80
Q

phenotype

A

the observable characteristics in a cell or organism as determined both by genetic makeup and environmental factors

81
Q

Rh D immune globulin (RhIG)

A

a concentrated, purified solution of human anti-D antibody used for injection

MLT 1010 (5 decks)

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