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Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 > UNIT 4 AOS2 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 AOS2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wellbeing

A

The individual is mentally, physically and socially healthy.

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2
Q

Mental Wellbeing

A

Individuals’ psychological state and their ability to think, process information and regulate emotions.

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3
Q

Ways of Considering Mental Wellbeing

A
  • Levels of functioning
  • Resilience
  • Social / emotional wellbeing
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4
Q

Levels of Functioning

A

The degree to which individuals can complete day to day tasks independently and effectively.

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5
Q

High Levels of Functioning

A
  • Fulfilling daily basic tasks
  • Productive
  • Setting goals
  • Being independent
  • Adapting to change
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6
Q

Low Levels of Functioning

A
  • Lack of direction
  • Struggle to carry out daily tasks
  • Feeling lazy / unproductive
  • Unable to cope with change
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7
Q

Resilience

A

Ability to cope and manage change/uncertainty.
Bouncing back.
Respond effectively to stressors, overcome them and adapt them.

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8
Q

High Levels of Resilience

A
  • Seeking solutions to problems
  • Appropriate coping strategies
  • Flexible in changing environments
  • Being optimistic and having hope
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9
Q

Low Levels of Resilience

A
  • Enduring feelings of being overwhelmed by problems
  • Unhealthy coping strategies
  • Unable to adapt to change
  • Lack of optimism and hope
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10
Q

Social Wellbeing

A

Form and maintain meaningful bonds with others and adapt to social situations.

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11
Q

High Levels of Social Wellbeing

A
  • Ability to communicate effectively
  • Strong support network
  • Form + maintain meaningful relationships
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12
Q

Low Levels of Social Wellbeing

A
  • Isolated / lack of support
  • Difficulty forming relationships
  • Struggle to communicate effectively
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13
Q

Emotional Wellbeing

A

Appropriately control and express emotions in an adaptive way, and understand the emotions of others.
- Express both positive and negative emotions appropriately, eg. Grief at a funeral

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14
Q

High Levels of Emotional Wellbeing

A
  • Aware of own and other’s emotional state
  • Experience a wide range of emotions
  • Appropriately express emotions
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15
Q

Low Levels of Emotional Wellbeing

A
  • Unable to understand emotions
  • Unable to experience certain emotions
  • Inappropriately express emotions, eg. happiness at a funeral
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16
Q

Social and Emotional Well-Being Framework (SEWB)

A

Includes all elements of being and well-being for Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders Peoples
- 7 domains
- Holistic, all domains influence the others

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17
Q

SWEB’s Domains

A
  • Connection to body
  • Connection to mind and emotions
  • Connection to family and kinship
  • Connection to community
  • Connection to culture
  • Connection to country
  • Connection to spirituality and ancestors
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18
Q

Body and Behaviours

A

Physical health, feeling strong and healthy, being able to participate in life
Eg. A healthy diet
Poor representation: poor diet, destroying body

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19
Q

Mind and Emotions

A

Mental health, the ability to manage thoughts and feelings
Eg. Self esteem
Poor representation: racism

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20
Q

Family and Kinship

A

Connection to immediate and wider family group/community
Eg. Quality time
Poor representation: stolen generation

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21
Q

Community

A

Connection to wide social systems; support and connect
Eg. community services
Poor representation: lack of social services

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22
Q

Culture

A

Provides continuity (connection) with the past and helps with finding a strong identity
Eg. speak the local language
Poor representation: lost languages

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23
Q

Country

A

Connection to country helps find identity and gives a sense of belonging.
Geographic
Eg. only taking what one needs from the land
Poor representation: refrained from country

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24
Q

Spirituality and Ancestors

A

Provides a sense of purpose and meaning. Connecting all things, beliefs and behaviours to guide knowledge
Eg. guide and protect families
Poor representation: absence of connection

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25
Q

The Determinants (SEWB)

A
  • Social
  • Historical
  • Political
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26
Q

Social Determinants

A

Circumstances people grow, live and work in and the systems put in place to deal with illness
Eg. unemployment

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27
Q

Historical Determinants

A

Ongoing influence of events, policies and trauma on groups of people
Eg. colonisation

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28
Q

Political Determinants

A

Shape the process of disturbing resources and power to individuals and communities to create or reinforce social + health inequalities
Eg. unresolved issues on land

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29
Q

Mental Well-being as a Continuum

A

An individual’s psychological state and the ability to think, process information and regulate emotions.
- Tracks fluctuating mental well-being
- It is constantly changing
- Not-fixed
- Can shift

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30
Q

High Levels of Mental Well-being (Continuum)

A
  • Functions independently
  • Cope with everyday demands
  • Excessive level of distress and dysfunction
  • Ability to cope with stress, sadness and anger
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31
Q

Medium Levels of Mental Well-being (Continuum)

A

—> Less severe, more temporary
- Not functioning at an optimal level
- Moderate impact on mental wellbeing
- Amplified emotions and high levels of stress
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irrational thought patterns

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32
Q

Low Levels of Mental Well-being (Continuum)

A
  • High levels of distress
  • Unable to be independent
  • Impacted for an extended period of time
  • May be diagnosed
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33
Q

Factors Influencing Mental Health

A

Internal:
Factors that arise from within the individual. Thoughts, diet, illness, rumination, chronic sleep deprivation

External:
Environmental factors
Social Eg. loss of a loved one, jobless, stigma

34
Q

Stress

A

About a known stimulus
A response to a threat in a situation, is in the present
- Psychological / physiological

35
Q

Anxiety

A

About a perceived threat
Stimulus isn’t known
What might occur in the future, is a thought pattern to what might happen
Reaction to stress
- Psychological / physiological

36
Q

Specific Phobia

A

Is an anxiety disorder of excessive fear when encountering a particular stimulus

37
Q

Characteristics of Specific Phobia

A
  • Is excessive
  • Known stimulus
  • Persistent
  • Avoidance for the phobia stimulus
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Distressing for individual and irrational
38
Q

Predisposing

A

Increases vulnerability to mental illness
- Gaba dysfunction

39
Q

Precipitating

A

Trigger for a mental health problem
- Classical conditioning, LTP, specific environment triggers

40
Q

Perpetuating

A

Maintains a mental health illness
- Operant conditioning, Stigma

41
Q

Protective

A

Reduces likelihood of mental health illness

42
Q

BioPsychoSocial

A
  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • Social
43
Q

Biological

A

Factors that result in phobia because of a physiological factor in an individuals brain or body
- Internal factors
- Physical health or illness
Eg. sleep, gut health, diet

44
Q

Biological Approach to Phobia / Risk Factors

A
  • GABA Dysfunction
  • LTP
45
Q

GABA Dysfunction - Biological

A

Predisposing
Low levels of GABA (not being able to bind to receptors), heightens arousal increasing the likelihood of a stress response. Leads to anxiety / phobia development.

GABA is inhibitory and is responsible for calming, lack of that results in fight / flight response being more likely

46
Q

LTP - Biological

A

Perpetuating
Long Term Potentiation strengthens synaptic connections or more efficient transmission of message along neural pathway.

Classical conditioning, stimulus and fear is stored via neural pathways. The repeated use of pathways leads to LTP creating more efficient pathways, therefore more likely to experience fear when exposed to phobic stimulus

47
Q

Biological Phobia Interventions

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Relaxation Techniques
48
Q

Benzodiazepines (Drug) - Biological

A

Bind to and enhance effects of GABA, improves action of GABA not replace it.
Increases GABA efficiency —> post synaptic neuron is inhibited (less likely to fire)
Physiological arousal is decreased, less likely to experience a stress response

49
Q

Relaxation Techniques - Biological

A

Reduces stress response, induces parasympathetic nervous system resulting in restoring homeostasis
Eg. Breathing retraining to prevent or reduce hyperventilation, is done when calm or before exposed to stimulus
Teaching long deep breaths

Imbalance of O2 and CO2 in blood, therefore causing feelings of anxiety

50
Q

Biological Protective —> Defends Against Mental Health Problems

A
  • Adequate Diet
  • Adequate Hydration
  • Adequate Sleep
51
Q

Adequate Diet - Biological

A

Unprocessed foods high in nutrients reduce the risk of mental health disorders
GUT-BRAIN AXIS:
- Healthy microbiota supported by a high diversity of nutrients
- Reduces stress
Nutrients used to produce neurochemicals, improves physical Health

52
Q

Adequate Hydration - Biological

A

60% to 70% of body made of water, in blood that transports nutrients and oxygen
- Makes neurotransmitters
- Water required to make and transport neurochemicals
- Dehydration decreases mood and congnition (poorer concerntartion)

53
Q

Adequate Sleep - Biological

A

nREM required to replenish muscles and tissues.
REM required to replenish mind.
Insufficient sleep causes affective, cognitive and behavioural functions.
Eg. reduce concentration, affect mood, increase in risk taking, causing a reduce in mental wellbeing

54
Q

Psychological

A

Thoughts and mental processes that contribute to the development of specific phobia

55
Q

Psychological Approach to Phobia / Risk Factors

A
  • Classical conditioning
  • Cognitive bias (memory bias and catastrophic thinking)
  • Operant conditioning
56
Q

Classical Conditioning - Psychological

A

Precipitating
Phobias can be learned through classical conditioning, with repeated association with phobia stimulus to produce a fear response

Eg.
NS (Magpie) –> no response.
UCS(Swooping) –> UCR(fear).

NS(magpie) is repeatedly associated with UCS(Swooping) –> UCR(fear).

NS now becomes CS to produce the CR with the absence of UCS
CS(Magpie) –> CR(Fear).

57
Q

Operant Conditioning - Psychological

A

Perpetuating
Avoiding the phobic stimulus perpetuates/maintains fear. Avoidance behaviours can be operantly conditioned.

Negative reinforcement, something unpleasant is removed (avoiding stimulus)
- Likely to be repeated, strengthens/maintains response

58
Q

Cognitive Bias - Psychological

A

Process information in a certain way, causing errors in judgement and thoughts.
Contributes to phobia because you deem something more scary then it is.
- Memory bias
- Catastrophic thinking

59
Q

Memory Bias - Psychological

A
  • Inaccurate / exaggerated memory
  • Worse then what it was
  • Imagining the spider was a lot bigger then it actually was
  • Past thinking
60
Q

Catastrophic Thinking - Psychological

A
  • Futuristic thinking
  • Negative thinking of what might happen
  • Imagining the worst scenario
61
Q

Psychological Phobia Interventions

A
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
  • Systematic desensitisation
62
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Psychological

A

Replacing unhealthy thoughts with healthy ones
Notice and challenge thoughts and behaviours

1) Aware of thoughts / behaviours
2) Change thought to more positive, change behaviour to exposure rather than avoidance

63
Q

Systematic Desensitisation - Psychological

A

Deliberate exposure over time
- Creates a new association between stimulus and calm
Step 1: Teach/learn breathing techniques
Step 2: Create fear hierarchy. Ranking anxiety-inducing experiences related to phobia from easiest to confront, to most difficult
Step 3: Gradual exposure using fear hierarchy. Paired with breathing retraining
Step 4: Continue exposure until stimulus produces a relaxation response without fear

64
Q

Psychological Protective —> Defends Against Mental Health Problems

A
  • Attention
  • Acceptance
  • Cognitive behavioural strategies (CBS)
  • Meditation / mindfulness
65
Q

Attention - Psychological

A

Focused on thoughts / feelings / sensations in the present moment

66
Q

Acceptance - Psychological

A

Experiencing feelings, thoughts and behaviours without judgement
Accepting these emotions

67
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Strategies- Psychological

A

Identification and challenge of negative thoughts lead to more positive behaviours, and vice versa
Behaviour –> Thoughts –> Feelings
<———————————————-
LTP becomes more strengthened

68
Q

Meditation / Mindfulness - Psychological

A

Reduces activity of amygdala and increases activity in the prefrontal cortex (associated with decision making)

69
Q

Social

A

Contributing factors to phobia which involve interaction with the environment and other people

70
Q

Social Approach to Phobia / Risk Factors

A
  • Specific environment triggers
  • Stigma around seeking treatment
71
Q

Specific Environment Triggers - Social

A

Stimulus’ or experiences in a persons environment that promote phobia
- Direct confrontation, traumatic event (personally experienced)
- Observing traumatic event (watching another person)
- Learned traumatic event (hearing / reading / watching)

72
Q

Stigma Around Seeking Treatment - Social

A
  • Sense of shame about getting professional help for phobia
  • Way we perceive expectations
73
Q

Social Phobia Interventions

A
  • Psychoeducation
74
Q

Psychoeducation - Social

A

For families and supporters
Educate family and friends of phobic patient
Learn how to:
- Challenge cognitive bias, unrealistic or anxious thoughts
- Challenge avoidance behaviours

75
Q

Social Protective —> Defends Against Mental Health Problems

A
  • Authentic
  • Energising
76
Q

Authentic - Social

A
  • Comfortable relationships
  • Honest conversation and feedback to reduce stress
  • Uses legitimate and effective advice
77
Q

Energising - Social

A

Focuses on creating a positive environment

78
Q

Cultural Determinants

A

Factors that influence wellbeing on cultural levels
- Cultural continuity
- Self-determination

79
Q

Cultural Continuity

A
  • Carrying on historical traditions of cultures
  • Can be disrupted or destroyed if cultural practices are not allowed to continue
  • Values are generation to generation
80
Q

Self-Determination

A
  • Right of people to shape their own lives

Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 (11 decks)

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