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Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 > UNIT 4 AOS1 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Levels of awareness an individual has over their thoughts, feelings, perceptions and existance.

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2
Q

What are the 2 different types of Consciousness?

A
  • Normal Waking Consciousness.
  • Altered State of Consciousness.
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3
Q

Normal Waking Consciousness (NWC)

A

Aware of thoughts, feelings and behaviours including internal / external events
E.g Awake

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4
Q

Altered State of Consciousness (ASC)

A

Not fully aware of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
E.g
- Day dreaming
- Coma
- Meditating
- Sleeping

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5
Q

Naturally Occurring (ASC)

A

A type of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention
E.g
- Sleep
- Day dreaming

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6
Q

Induced (ASC)

A

A type of altered state of consciousness that occurs due to being drunk or hallucinating
E.g
- Drunk
- Hallucinations

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7
Q

Psychological Construct

A

Sleep cannot be directly measured

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8
Q

Characteristics of Sleep

A
  • Reduced ability to control behaviour
  • Reduction in the control we have over our thoughts
  • Less accurate understandings of the passage of time
  • Perceptual and cognitive distortions
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9
Q

Sleep Episode

A

The entire time spent in sleep

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10
Q

Sleep Cycle

A

A proportion of a sleep episode
Approximately 5-6 sleep cycles per episode
Duration of 90 minutes

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11
Q

Two Types of Sleep

A
  • nREM sleep
  • REM sleep
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12
Q

nREM

A
  • No eye movement
  • Muscle tension
  • Stages (1-3)
  • 80% of sleep episode in an adult
  • Duration per cycle of nREM decreases as sleep episode progresses
  • Less dreaming
  • Less brain electrical activity than REM
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13
Q

Stage 1 of nREM Sleep

A
  • Light sleep
  • Drowsiness - sleeping
  • Hypnic jerks occur
  • May still hear noises, can be easily woken
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13
Q

Stage 2 of nREM Sleep

A
  • Fully asleep, but light sleep
  • Most time spent in stage 2
  • Brainwaves occurring
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13
Q

Stage 3 of nREM Sleep

A
  • Deep sleep
  • Sleep walking occurs (sonabulism)
  • Difficult to wake
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14
Q

REM

A
  • Rapid eye movement
  • Muscle paralysis
  • Only 1 stage
  • 20% of sleep episode in an adult
  • Duration per cycle of REM increases as sleep cycle progresses
  • Most dreaming (more vivd)
  • More brain electrical activity than nREM
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15
Q

ElectroEncephaloGram (EEG)

A
  • Detects, amplifies and records brain activity (brainwaves)
  • This device detects impulses when neurons communicate
  • High frequency and low amplitude in REM
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16
Q

Frequency

A

Number of brain waves (electrical impulses) that occur per second

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17
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity and height of electrical impulse

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18
Q

If there is higher electrical activity

A

Increased frequency
Decreased amplitude

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19
Q

If there is less electrical activity

A

Decreased frequency
Increased amplitude

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20
Q

Types of brain waves for EEG:

A

Beta waves
Alpha waves
Theta Waves
Delta
Beta like waves

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21
Q

Beta Waves (NWC)
- normal waking consiousness

A

Highest frequency + lowest amplitude
Neurons firing - aware of environment

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22
Q

Alpha Waves (Drowsy)
- start of nREM 1

A

Less frequency than beta + more amplitude than beta
(High frequency, low amplitude)

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23
Q

Theta Waves
- end of nREM 1, nREM 2, start of nREM 3

A

Less frequency than alpha + more amplitude than alpha
(Medium frequency, Medium-high amplitude)
K-complex - random spike in middle
Sleep spindles - a small area with low amplitude for a moment then rises again

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24
Q

Delta Waves
- nREM 3

A

Lowest frequency + Highest amplitude

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25
Q

Beta - Like Waves
- REM

A

Similar to beta in terms of frequency and amplitude but occurs in REM sleep

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26
Q

ElectroMyoGraph (EMG)

A
  • Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body muscles.
  • Attached to the skin above the muscles.

DURING REM: low activity; low levels of physiological activity.
DURING NREM: medium/moderate activity; some physiological activity.

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27
Q

ElectroOculoGraph (EOG)

A
  • Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles responsible for eye movement.
  • Attached to the skin above eye muscles.

DURING REM: Rapid eye movement; high activity.
DURING NREM: No rapid eye movement; low activity.

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28
Q

Sleep Diaries

A
  • Measures aspects of sleep that cannot be detected by physiological measurements (EEG, EMG)
    E.g vivid dreams, how rested you feel, sleep quality
29
Q

Video monitoring

A

Use of cameras and audio technologies to record an individual’s sleep
E.g Types of movement during sleep
- Important for sleep walking

30
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

Repeated Biological processes that are regulated by internal mechanisms.
- Circadian + Ultradian

31
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Sleep-wake cycle
The time spent wake + alert and time spent asleep
24 hour cycle

32
Q

Ultradian Rhythms

A

Biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle and lasts less than 24-hours

33
Q

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Area of hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating an individuals sleep-wake patterns
- Receives information from both cues to help modulate circadian rhythm

EXTERNAL CUES: information from environment, presence or absence of light
INTERNAL CUES: information that originates from within the body

34
Q

SCN Regulates the Sleep-Wake Cycle

A
  1. SCN receives external (light) and internal cues (detected by photoreceptors)
  2. Processes information, SCN sends neural messages (signals) to the pineal gland to produce and release melatonin
  3. Melatonin promotes feelings of calm and relaxation, therefore promotes sleep
35
Q

Hormones That Regulate Sleep-Wake Cycle

A

Melatonin - released from pineal gland
Cortisol - released from adrenaline gland

36
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Low levels in morning, high levels at night
  • Released at night to induce sleep
  • Makes individual feel more calm and relaxed
37
Q

Cortisol

A
  • High levels in morning, low levels at night
  • Makes you more wake
38
Q

NEWBORN

A

16 hours
50% REM, 50% nREM
REM sleep is significantly high as they are experiencing rapid brain development
+ nREM for replenishing tissues

39
Q

INFANCY

A

13.5 hours
35% REM, 65% nREM
REM sleep is significantly high as they are experiencing rapid brain development
+ nREM for replenishing tissues

40
Q

CHILDHOOD

A

11 hours
20% REM, 80% nREM
Time spent in REM starts to reduce as the pace of brain development settles

41
Q

ADOLESCENCE

A

9 hours
20% REM, 80% nREM
Sleep patterns can change due to social factors. Due to having to wake up earlier

42
Q

ADULTHOOD

A

7-8 hours
20% REM, 80% nREM
Low levels of sleep occurring due to health

43
Q

OLD AGE

A

6 hours
20% REM, 80% nREM
Low levels of sleep occurring due to health

44
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Insufficient sleep for age/needs. Poor quantity / quality

45
Q

Total Sleep Deprivation

A

No sleep for 24 hours or more

46
Q

Partial Sleep Deprivation

A

Less than the required quantity or quality of sleep in a 24 hour period

47
Q

Quantity

A

How long you spend asleep

48
Q

Quality

A

Light or disrupted sleep.
Poor quality example:
- Sleep walking
- Less deep sleep
- Difficulty breathing
- Medication changing sleep patterns

Caused by:
- Lifestyle factors; work, child
- Sleep disorders
- Stress
- External stimulus

49
Q

Impacts of Partial Sleep Deprivation

A

Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive

50
Q

Affective

A

Changes in emotional state and functioning
E.g: snapping at others, less empathy

51
Q

Behavioural

A

Changes in actions and way we function
E.g: increased risk taking, yawning, rubbing eyes, eating more

52
Q

Cognitive

A

Changes in thinking process
E.g: Lapses in attention, impaired memory ability, illogical or irrational thinking

53
Q

How does sleep deprivation impact you?

A

Lowered awareness (Cognitive)
Affected judgement (Cognitive)
Enhanced emotions (Affective)
Clumsy (Behavioural)
Reaction times (Cognitive).

54
Q

Sleep deprivation compared to B.A.C %

A

17 hours sleep deprived = effects of 0.05% BAC (blood alcohol concentration)
24 hours sleep deprived = effect of 0.1% BAC

55
Q

Sleep Disorders

A

Disturbances to typical sleeping and waking patterns

56
Q

Circadian Phase Disorders

A
  • Is a group of sleep disorders involving a mismatch between the actual and desired sleep-wake pattern
  • This results in less appropriate sleep
57
Q

Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders

A

Sleep disorders that interfere with the typical sleep times therefore leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle
Might not lead to partial sleep deprivation
- Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)
- Advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD)
- Shift work

58
Q

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

A

Circadian sleep rhythm is delayed 2-3 hours or more, resulting in going to sleep later and waking up later
Can’t fall asleep when intended, delayed sleep causes delayed waking, more than one night
Biological, most often occurs in adolescence
Delay in Melatonin
Causes:
- Lifestyle Factors
- Poor sleep patterns
- Shift-work

59
Q

In adolescents:
Internal Biological, Internal psychological and External

A

INTERNAL BIO: Puberty; hormonally induced shift of the body clock with melatonin not being released 1-2hrs later than in childhood

INTERNAL PSYCH: Rumination; repeatedly thinking and worrying about things

EXTERNAL: Social factors. eg. work

60
Q

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder

A

Extreme tiredness in the evening. Sleep and waking occur earlier than usual
Falling asleep earlier, waking up earlier, continuous
Causes:
- Life styles factors
- Genetics
- Old-age -> reduction in melatonin, decreased exposure to light in early afternoon
In elderly melatonin duration is also reduced

61
Q

Shift-work

A

Shift-work employment outside of a normal work day. Working overnight
Disorder of not going to sleep when your body tells you to
Forced to stay awake when circadian rhythm indicated that they should be asleep

62
Q

Shift-work Impacts

A
  • Sleepiness at work (safety concerns)
  • Partiality sleep deprived
  • Insomnia
  • Mood swings
  • 10 days to recover/adjust after night shifts
63
Q

Shift-work Interventions

A
  • Shift friendly rosters / consistent hours
  • Bright light workplace conditions
  • Low light conditions after leaving shift and at home
64
Q

Bright Light Therapy

A

Exposure to intense amounts of light at regular patterns to shift sleep-wake cycle to a desired schedule
Light is transmitted to the SCN, which will then decrease melatonin and increase cortisol levels

Use:
Advanced: the afternoon
Delayed: the morning

Consists of:
- Exposure to 10,000 LUX

65
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

Practices and habits that promote an individuals sleep pattern
How to improve sleep hygiene:
- Avoid stimulating activities before bed such as exercise
- Avoid napping
- Associate the bed and bedroom with sleep

66
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cue affecting sleep via SCN to regulate the body’s circadian
They include:
- Drinking / Eating
- Blue light
- Light
- Temperature
- Exercise

67
Q

Exercise

A

Vigorous exercise stimulus digestion which makes sleep more difficult

68
Q

Daylight

A

Exposure to the sunlight ensures we are awake during they day, and asleep during the night.
Darkness for sleep to promote melatonin release

69
Q

Blue light

A

Passed by SCN -> pineal gland to delay melatonin causing you to feel less sleepy
Avoid for about an hour before bed as it make sleep more difficult

70
Q

Drinking / Eating

A

Caffeine increases brain activity which makes sleep more difficult
Alcohol reduces the quality of sleep

Eatings stimulates the digestive system which makes sleeping more difficult and an insufficient food intake in hours before bed makes sleep more difficult

71
Q

Temperature

A
  • Ambient temp of 16c is best for sleep
  • Cooler temp for sleep to match the drop in body temperature as the night progresses
    (Temperature follows it’s own circadian rhythm)

Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 (11 decks)

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