UNIT 3 AOS2 Flashcards
Behaviourists approaches to learning:
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning (involuntary)
Is learning where a stimulus does not elicit a response, is repeatedly linked with a stimulus that does automatically get a response
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Produces no naturally occurring response (restaurant)
= conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that produces a naturally occurring response (disagreement)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An unlearned, innate response to an unconditioned stimulus (nerves)
= conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Produces a conditioned response after repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
= neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
A response that is produced by the CS after learning has taken place
= unconditioned response
3 Phases of Learning - Classical Conditioning
- Before Conditioning
- Acquisition (During Conditioning)
- After Conditioning
IN Before Conditioning
The NS ___ produced no relevant to response. The UCS ___ produced the UCR ___.
IN Acquisition
The NS ___ paired with the UCS ___ repeatedly, produces the UCR ___.
IN After Conditioning
The NS ___ becomes the CS ___ to produce the CR ___ in the absence of the UCS ___.
Operant Conditioning (voluntary)
Is 100% active
Operant 3-Phase Process (ABC)
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence
Antecedent
A stimulus that causes the learner to make a decision about the behaviour
Behaviour
The action of the learner (voluntary)
Consequence
Consequence applied to the learner
- Positive and Negative Reinforcement
- Positive and Negative Punishment
Reinforcement
Strengthen the likelihood of behaviour repetition
Positive - applying something desired to strengthen behaviour repetition
Negative - removing something unpleasant to strengthen repeat of behaviour
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood that behaviour is repeated
Positive - applying something undesirable to reduce behaviour repetition
Negative - taking away something desired to reduce repetition of behaviour
Observational Learning
- Social and cognitive approach to learning
- Active type of learning
- Often occurs with children
- Can be latent. Learning has occurred but not shown (until later)
Social
Observation of other
Cognitive
Thought process
5 stages leaner goes through
A - Attention
R - Retention
R - Reproduction
M - Motivation
R - Reinforcement
Attention
Learner actively watching a model
Retention
Mental representation of behaviour
(step by step in head)
Reproduction
Learner must have the capacity to reproduce behaviour
Example: a 16 month old might have watched a person cook but doesn’t have the capacity to cook
Motivation
Desire to repeat behaviour, dependent on characteristics of model
- Expertise
- Similar to learner
- Same gender
- Attractiveness
Reinforcement
Increases likelihood that learner will repeat behaviour
- Direct Reinforcement (them)
- Vicarious Reinforcement (model)
Memory
Is our brains storage system that recall information and experiences.
Internal record of a prior event
Atkinson - Shiffren’s Multi-store model of memory
Stimuli -> Sensory memory —(Attention)–> Short term memory —(Encoding)–> Long Term Memory
Stimulus
- Vision
- Touch
- Taste
- Smell
- Hearing
Sense organs to brain, spinal reflex
Sensory Memory
> 0.3 seconds (Iconic, light)
3-4 seconds (echoic, sound)
UNLIMITED CAPACITY
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Working memory
Duration of 20-30seconds
Capacity 5-9 items (7 average)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Storage
Duration is unlimited
Capacity is unlimited
Encoding
Converting information to a useable form so it can be stored
Storage
Retaining information in memory over a period of time
Retrieval
Locating and recovering the stored information from memory when needed so that we can use it
Attention
Paying awareness to stimulus
Duration
Time (how long)
Capacity
Amount
Improving the capacity of STM
Chunking; grouping items together so they are considered as one
Maintenance Rehearsal; repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal
Making ‘meaning’ from the information
Types of long term memory
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
Explicit Memory
Consciously retrieving good and bad memories
Retrieved in response to a specific request or need
Semantic and Episodic
Semantic Memory
Facts
ENCODED BY HIPPOCAMPUS
Example:
Remembering the rules of chess or the fact something is scary
Episodic Memory
Personally relevant events
ENCODED BY HIPPOCAMPUS
Example:
Other experiences of playing chess
Implicit Memory
Does not require conscious retrieval
Not necessarily aware or trying to remember
Procedural and classical conditioned
Procedural Memory
How to do something
Voluntary motor movement, eg kicking a ball
ENCODED BY BASAL GANGLIA
Fine motor movements, eg posture
ENCODED BY CEREBELLUM
Classical Conditioned Memory
Fear or reflexes
Emotional; fear
ENCODED BY AMYGDALA
Reflexive; involuntary eg. blinking
ENCODED BY CEREBELLUM
Hippocampus
Encoding if explicit (STM)
- Aids in improving memories, consolidating more stable
- Acts in coordination with amygdala
Damage = recall of memories, although no new memories are formed
Amygdala
Encoding if implicit (STM)
- Processing and regulating emotional reactions
- Encoding classically conditioned emotional response
- Activated by adrenaline, is released when threatened or excited
Damage = difficulty processing memory and emotional response
Neocortex
(LTM)
- Processing, storage and retrieval of explicit memories
- Memory disrupted throughout neocortex
- Interacts with hippocampus when retrieving memories spread throughout neocortex
Basal Ganglia
Implicit (STM)
- Encodes motor components of implicit procedural memories
- Includes voluntary motor movements, picking up a pencil
Damage = people with Parkinson’s disease
Cerebellum
- Encodes and stores implicit procedural memory
- And classically conditioned simple reflexes
Overtime some procedural memories are sent to neocortex
Autobiographical Events
Personally lived experiences stored in long term memory
- Activates both semantic and episodic
Retrieval of Autobiography Events
LTM is back to STM (consciously aware)
Example: Memory of a party
Hippocampus (retrieval) Episodic - Conversations at the party, taste of the cake, feeling of being happy
Temporal lobes (retrieval) Semantic - Location of party, what music was played, the flavour of the cake
Constructing Possible Imagined Futures
Hypothetical experiences + possible situations.
Example: planning what to wear tomorrow at a semi-formal party
Episodic - Recalling memory of receiving compliments last time you wore a particular outfit
Semantic - Understanding what semi-formal means, knowing what to wear on a hot day
Alzheimers Disease
Is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterised by memory decline
Alzheimers Symptoms
- Decrease in cognitive functions
- Personality change + mood and emotions
- Frequently becoming confused or disoriented
- Difficulty with language and communication
2 types of lesions, damaged tissue
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Amyloid plagues
Neurofibrillary tangles
Abnormal build-up of protein inside the neuron
TANGLES = NO SIGNAL = DEATH OF NEURON
Amyloid plaques
Are resulted in an abnormal build-up of beta-amyloid protein between the synapses of neurons
Alzheimers effect on semantic and episodic memory
Explicit memories are affected
- lacking the capacity to draw on semantic and episodic memories in order to plan for the future, creating new scenarios
Aphantasia
When people lack the ability to generate mental imagery
Example:
Thinking about an apple and describing what it looks like but not creating a mental image of it
Mental Imagery
Visual representation and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli
Mnemonics
Improve your encoding and therefore retrieval
Written Cultures:
- Acronyms
- Acrostics
- Method of Loci
Acronyms
Pronounceable word where each letter of the word is the first letter of a sentence
Example:
QANTAS
ANZAC
NASA
Acrostics
Sentence or poem where the first letter of items create the sentence
Example:
NESW: Never Eat Soggy Weatbix
Method of Loci
Memory associations between the environment and the target words that need to be remembered
Example:
House –> Mental image of a room
–> Associate term switch a different aspect
