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Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 > UNIT 3 AOS1 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main roles of the Nervous System

A

Receives
Processing
Response

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2
Q

Receives

A

Receives sensory stimuli
Eg. Heart rate

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3
Q

Process

A

Processing information, making sense or interpretation

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4
Q

Respond

A

Responding back to stimuli, physical action
Eg. Using skeletal muscles - internal muscles

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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord (spinal reflex)
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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All nerves besides brain and spinal cord
- Somatic and Autonomic

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7
Q

Somatic

A
  • Voluntary motor movements (conscious)
  • Sensory and motor neurons
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8
Q

Sensory

A

Afferent, towards CNS

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9
Q

Motor

A

Efferent, away CNS

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10
Q

Autonomic

A
  • Involuntary (unconscious)
  • Controls visceral muscles
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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Activated in stress response, responding to threat. Fight / flight
Eg. Heart, breathing increases, pupils dilate, bladder releases

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Restores Homeostasis (balance)
Eg. Decreases heart rate, digestion continues at normal rate

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13
Q

Fight / Flight / Freeze

A

Response of survival when under threat

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14
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

Unconscious, immediate response to protect the body from harm

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15
Q

Spinal Reflex 1.

A

Receptors - cells that detect a stimulus

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16
Q

Spinal Reflex 2.

A

Sensory neurons - carry stimulus to CNS (afferent)

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17
Q

Spinal Reflex 3.

A

Interneurons - in the spinal cord intercepts the message and initiate a motor response

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18
Q

Spinal Reflex 4.

A

Motor response - carry message to skeletal muscles (efferent)

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19
Q

Spinal Reflex 5.

A

Response - message received muscles move

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20
Q

Neurochemicals

A
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Neuromodulators
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21
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • Used from single pre-synaptic neuron to single post-synaptic neuron
  • Glutamate + Gaba
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22
Q

Neuromodulators

A
  • Used at more than one post-synaptic neuron
  • Dopamine + Serotonin
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23
Q

Excitatory

A

Increased chance of action potential

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24
Q

Inhibitory

A

Decreased chance of action potential

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25
Q

Glutamate

A

Memory - neurotransmitter (excitatory)

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26
Q

GABA

A

Calming - neurotransmitter (inhibitory)

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27
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure - neuromodulator (excitatory)
- Reward system
- Repetition of certain behaviours (links behaviour with reward)

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood - neuromodulator (inhibitory)

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29
Q

Chemical Transmission 1.

A

Electrical impulse reaches axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron

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30
Q

Chemical Transmission 2.

A

Neurochemicals are released from vesicles into the synaptic gap

31
Q

Chemical Transmission 3.

A

Neurochemicals bind to a receptors on the post-synaptic neuron IF the shape is complementary

32
Q

Chemical Transmission 4.

A

If neurochemicals are glutamate the post-synaptic neuron is more likely to release an electrical impulse

If neurochemicals are GABA the post-synaptic neuron is less likely to fire

33
Q

Threshold

A

Excitatory: Once over the threshold, the post synaptic neuron has reached action potential.
Inhibitory: Decreases until resting.

34
Q

Difference between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitters have an effect on one or two synapses, whilst neuromodulators have an effect on multiple synapses.

35
Q

Similarities between neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

A

Similarity: Both must bind to a specific receptor site to have an effect.

36
Q

Synaptic plasticity (Neuronal plasticity)

A

Changes to synapses with an increased or decreased stimulation

37
Q

Synaptogenesis (Sprouting)

A

After repeated use (practice) of neurons they develop new branches on dendrites
- More efficient communication
- Bushier dendrites
- Axon terminals grow more appendages

38
Q

Rerouting

A
  • New neural pathways since new synapses form
  • Response to damage to neurons
39
Q

Pruning

A
  • Decreased number of synapses to conserve resources for sprouting of other neurons
  • Weak simulation leads to pruning
40
Q

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

A

Strengthening of synapses, more neurotransmitters and receptor’s are increased.
Repeated use of neural pathway:
- Increase in neurotransmitters
- Increase in receptors numbers

41
Q

Long Term Depression (LTD)

A

Weakening of stimulation signals of a synapse, therefore less efficient
- Pre-synaptic neuron reduce in neurotransmitters (glutamate)
- Post-synaptic neuron reduce in receptors

42
Q

Stress

A

An individuals experience in response to an event
- Subjective

43
Q

Stress - Biological (Physiological)

A

Involuntary, fight / flight response

44
Q

Stress - Psychological

A

Emotional + cognitive (thoughts) changes

45
Q

Internal stressor

A
  • Body (within)
    eg. thoughts, illness
46
Q

External stressor

A
  • Outside of body (anything environmental)
    eg. assignments
47
Q

Acute

A
  • Short term
  • Adrenaline can be beneficial
  • Fight / Flight - Sympathetic
  • Freeze - Parasympathetic
48
Q

Chronic

A
  • Long term
  • Ongoing pressure
  • Cortisol - a stress hormone
49
Q

Eustress

A

A POSITIVE perception of a stressor

50
Q

Distress

A

A NEGATIVE perception of a stressor

51
Q

Role of Cortisol

A
  • A stress hormone
  • Released by adrenal glands when stressor becomes more chronic
  • Immune system is suppressed
52
Q

Seyles General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

A

Resistance to stress:
1. Alarm reaction
2. Stage of resistance
3. Stage of exhaustion

53
Q

Alarm Reaction

A

Shock and countershock

54
Q

Shock (Alarm)

A

Parasympathetic freeze response
- Heart rate drops
- Temperature drops
- Breathing rate decreases

55
Q

Countershock (Alarm)

A

Sympathetic fight / flight response
Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones
- Heart rate increases
- Pupils dilate
- Breathing rate increases

56
Q

Resistance stage

A

Release of cortisol, energises the body to resist stressors
- Cortisol suppresses the immune system
- More energy
- As resistance continues, frequent infections can occur (cold)

57
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Bodies resources are depleted
- Serve fatigue
- Serve weight loss / gain
- Diseases and Diabetes

58
Q

Lazarus + Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping.

A

Stressor —-> Benign/Irrelevant
|
v
Stressful.
- Primary Appraisal -> unconscious evaluation.
Threat ( Future ).
Harm/Loss (Past)
Challenge ( Eustress ) -> benefit.

Secondary Appraisal -> Conscious decision.
“Are there sufficient recourses to cope?”
YES –> Reappraised as NOT stressful.
NO –> Distress is experienced.

59
Q

Strategies to cope with stress

A
  • Approach + avoidance
60
Q

Approach

A

Direct approach
- Directly minimises stressor

61
Q

Avoidance

A

Indirect approach
- Minimises the effects/symptoms produced by the stressor
- Stressor always still there

62
Q

Maladaptive

A

Makes avoidance worse in the long run

63
Q

Approach + Avoidant example

A

Sac coming up:
Approach - studying
Avoidant - procrastination

64
Q

Context specific effectiveness

A

Appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor
Example:
Studying for an exam

65
Q

Coping flexibility

A

Recognising that the coping strategy is no longer effective and change strategies
Example:
Not being able to study right before the exam, taking deep breaths instead

66
Q

Gut Brain Axis

A

Gut to the brain
Brain to the gut
- The connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system

67
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Connects the gut and brain, goes both ways

68
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Nerve pathways within the GI (Gastro intestinal) track link to brain

69
Q

Microbiota

A

Lots of different species of bacteria

70
Q

Gut Microbiota

A

All the microorganisms that live in the gut

71
Q

Gut microbiome

A

Human digestive-tract associated with microbes 🦠

72
Q

Good for gut health :)

A

Fermented food
- Miso soup
- Kimchi
Microbiota is good gut bacteria

73
Q

Bad for gut health :(

A

Antibiotics
Poor food choices like sugar and high fat

74
Q

Good microbiota health controls some stress hormone levels.

A

Communicates with the brain via. the vagus nerve to control neurotransmitter release in the brain.

Psychology UNIT 3 and 4 (11 decks)

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