Unit 4 AOS1 SAC revision

Question 1

What are the 3 classifications of countries?

Answer 1

High-income countries
Middle-income countries (upper and lower)
Low-income countries

Question 2

What determines a high-income country?

Answer 2

If their GNI is above $12000

Question 3

What determines a low-income country?

Answer 3

If their GNI is below $1000

Question 4

What determines a middle income country?

Answer 4

If their GNI falls between $1000 and $12000

Question 5

What are the 4 economic characteristics of a high-income country?

Answer 5

Lower levels of poverty
Wide range of industries
Opportunities for global trade
High average incomes

Question 6

What are the 8 social characteristics of a high-income country?

Answer 6

• Higher levels of gender equality
• Low birth rates and population growth
• High levels of employment
• High levels of education
• Well-developed social security systems
• Well-developed health systems
• Access to technology
• Well-developed legal systems

Question 7

What are the 5 environmental characteristics of a high-income country?

Answer 7

• Easy access to safe water and sanitation
• High levels of food security
• Adequate housing
• Adequate infrastructure
• High levels of carbon dioxide emissions.

Question 8

Gross National Income (GNI) definition

Answer 8

GNI refers to the total value of goods and services that a country’s citizens produce.

Question 9

Explain how technology can assist a country in transitioning from low income to middle income.

Answer 9

Technology allows a country to build trade opportunities, further education of their population, treat ill health and overall develop the economy. This means they can offer wider range of industries for employment and with a better economy, offer higher incomes for their citizens.

Question 10

Explain why the level of global trade is lower in most low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries.

Answer 10

Global trade is lower in low/middle income countries as they have less to offer, due to the limited industries they use to generate money (often farming). This means they’re unable to generate goods other countries may want, making it harder to trade.

Question 11

Explain how infrastructure can assist in trading on the global market.

Answer 11

Infrastructure can assist in trading on the global market as it allows a country to better transport their goods to other nations. If a country has good quality roads, transport, ports and airports, they’ll be more able to transport goods overseas and therefore increase their opportunities for trade.

Question 12

What is the difference in life expectancy between high and low-income countries? (Trend)

Answer 12

From high-income countries to low-income countries, life expectancy decreases.

Question 13

What is the difference in child mortality and morbidity between high and low-income countries? (Trend)

Answer 13

From high-income countries to low-income countries, U5MR and child morbidity rates increase.

Question 14

What is the difference in mortality rates between high and low-income countries? (Trend)

Answer 14

From high-income countries to low-income countries, mortality rates increase.

Question 15

What is the difference in maternal mortality rates between high and low-income countries? (Trend)

Answer 15

From high-income countries to low-income countries, maternal mortality rates increase.

Question 16

What is the difference in DALY contribution between high and low-income countries? (Trend)

Answer 16

From high-income countries to low-income countries, the number of DALY’s contributed to a nation’s burden of disease increases.

Question 17

Compare Australia’s health status and burden of disease to low-income countries.

Answer 17

Australia’s health status is better than low-income countries, as they experience lower mortality rates, lower U5MR and contribute less DALY’s to burden of disease than a typical low-income nation.

Question 18

What is safe water?

Answer 18

Refers to clean water free of contamination (bacteria).

Question 19

What can a lack of safe water contribute to?

Answer 19

Increased risk of diseases such as diarrhoea, dehydration, cholera and malaria.

Question 20

Why do people need safe water? (3)

Answer 20

Safe water is needed for consumption, as it plays a significant role in ensuring the body and its systems are functioning effectively. It is required for optimal functioning of every cell in the body. As people discard over 2 litres of water per day, regular consumption is required for survival.
Safe water is needed for food preparation and cooking, as it allows for harmful bacteria to be removed from food products to ensure they are safe for foods consumption.
Safe water is needed also for hygiene and washing which prevents infections.

Question 21

How does safe water or a lack thereof impact burden of disease?

Answer 21

The deficit of people who lack access to safe water is responsible for 3% of total global DALY and 1.2 million deaths in 2017.

Question 22

How does safe water or a lack thereof impact health status?

Answer 22

People who live in places with unsafe water are at an increased risk of catching a disease like cholera or diarrhoea. This increases the rates of mortality and morbidity for these populations and also the rates of U5MR as children are more susceptible to those diseases.

Question 23

How does safe water or a lack thereof impact health and wellbeing?

Answer 23

Physical health and wellbeing – a lack of safe water can lead to an increased risk of developing a disease from the bacteria that contaminates the dirty water, such as diarrhoea or cholera. If a person is not free of disease, they are not experiencing optimal physical H+W and diseases also affect how effectively a person’s body systems are functioning.

Mental health and wellbeing – having safe water to drink decreases levels of stress and anxiety as people are not concerned that they will get sick from drinking.

Question 24

Why are children more susceptible to impacts of unsafe water?

Answer 24

Children are particularly susceptible to the impacts of unsafe water as they are likely to experience to experience repeated infection due to them having less developed immune systems.

Question 25

What is sanitation?

Answer 25

Refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste and includes hygiene promotion services like sewerage systems and rubbish collection.

Question 26

How does a lack of sanitation impact health and wellbeing?

Answer 26

Physical health and wellbeing – a lack of sanitation can lead to an increased spread of disease such as diarrhoea or cholera. If a person is not free of disease, they are not experiencing optimal physical H+W and diseases also affect how effectively a person’s body systems are functioning.

Mental health and wellbeing – having private bathrooms means a person, particularly women, feel more comfortable and therefore reduces stress and anxiety.

Question 27

How does a lack of sanitation impact health status and burden of disease?

Answer 27

Inadequate sanitation leads to spread of infectious diseases like cholera, intestinal worms and diarrhoea, increasing the rates of morbidity and mortality from these diseases as well as the number of DALY’s contributed from associated deaths.

Question 28

Why does sanitation impact females a lot?

Answer 28

A lack of sanitation often means there are a lack of toilets or none at all. This affects girls more than males as it often means toilets are not segregated, so that acts as a barrier for women. Having no private toilets means women will need to go to the bathroom in public, which in some countries and cultures is considered to be a shameful thing. This means women often wait until dark to go, increasing their risk of being harassed or attacked.

Question 29

What is gender equality?

Answer 29

Refers to both males and females having equal opportunities and choices for education, employment, community participation and recreation.

Question 30

Explain the difference in gender equality between high and low-income countries.

Answer 30

Gender equality levels are high in high-income countries whereas for low-income countries, females are often given limited opportunities for education, employment etc compared to males, so there is poorer levels of gender equality there.

Question 31

Explain the difference in birth and population rates between high and low-income countries.

Answer 31

In high income countries, birth and population rates are slower than low-income countries, as high-income nations have greater access to contraception, choice in family planning and education about child birth. In low-income countries, this access to these resources is poorer or non-existent, meaning birth rates are higher.

Question 32

Explain the difference in education and employment levels between high and low-income countries.

Answer 32

High income countries have high employment and education levels whereas low-income countries have low education and employment levels. This is because high income countries have well-developed education systems, which allows for citizens to build their knowledge and skills so they can have more choice of what to do with their education. High income countries also have a wider range of industries for employment, so people are more employable, increasing rates of employment, whereas in low-income countries, the opportunities for types of employment are limited.

Question 33

What are social security systems?

Answer 33

Refers to the government providing payments to those in need, such as the unemployed, those unable to work due to disability, retired people etc.

Question 34

Explain the difference in social security systems between high and low-income countries.

Answer 34

High-income country governments have the funding to support people in need whereas low-income countries lack the resources to do so, resulting in higher levels of poverty and unemployment.

Question 35

What does health systems mean in terms of social characteristics?

Answer 35

Refers to a country having a healthcare system available that allows people to access basic healthcare when they need it.

Question 36

Explain the difference in health systems between high and low-income countries.

Answer 36

High-income countries have a public healthcare system usually, which gives citizens access to basic healthcare, whereas low-income countries lack these services due to high maintenance costs they cannot afford.

Question 37

What does access to technology refer to?

Answer 37

Access to technology is the access to communication systems, the internet, and medical technology.

Question 38

Explain the difference in access to technology between high and low income countries.

Answer 38

High income countries have good access to tech and it is more readily available, allowing for more trade opportunities and better ability to treat ill health whereas in low-income countries, tech is less accessible due to inability to afford it.

Question 39

Explain the difference in legal systems between high and low income countries.

Answer 39

In high income countries, legal systems are better developed and are stronger. This makes things fairer and results in less disagreement/conflict. In low-income countries however, legal systems are less developed, increasing likelihood of conflict.

Question 40

Explain the difference in safe water and sanitation between high and low income countries.

Answer 40

High income countries have easy access to clean water and communities are clean/sanitized, where for low-income countries, access to safe water is not a given and communities are less likely to be sanitized.

Question 41

Explain the difference in food security between high and low income countries.

Answer 41

High-income countries often have greater ease of access to nutritious foods and most citizens know when their next meal will comes, whereas for low-income countries, food can be more scarce due to financial situations or natural disasters, affecting their ability to grow crops and provide nutririous food to communities.

Question 42

Explain the difference in housing between high and low income countries.

Answer 42

High-income countries have adequate housing that feature good ventilation and otehr good stuff. Low income countries often have inadequate housing that is poorly sanitized, overcrowded and poorly ventilated, increasing their risk of disease and infection.

Question 43

Explain the difference in infrastructure between high and low income countries.

Answer 43

High income countries have adequate infrastructure to support their communities, such as having quality roads to travel on, sewerage systems in place to reduce waste etc. whereas low income countries lacks infrastructure, resulting in poorer access to technology, less employment opportunities and worse education.

Question 44

Explain the difference in levels of carbon dioxide emissions between high and low income countries.

Answer 44

High income countries emit for co2 due to their wider range of industries, whereas low income countries emit less. However, low income countries are affected by the effects of co2 emission more due to their lack of resources to deal with it.

Question 45

Poverty defintion

Answer 45

Refers to deprivation, often from a lack of income.

Question 46

What is extreme poverty?

Answer 46

A person living on $1.90 USD per day

Question 47

What is relative poverty?

Answer 47

A person living on 50% of their country’s average income.

Question 48

How does poverty impact health status? (2 examples)

Answer 48

Poverty leads to low literacy rates as education from schooling is not accessible. Lower literacy levels mean people are less able to make positive health decisions, increasing their risk of disease and other preventable conditions like HIV/AIDS. This contributes to higher mortality rates from those diseases as they are often more severe with a lack of access to medicines, lowering life expectancy also.
Poverty results in inadequate quality housing as it is all people can afford, they cannot afford the safer, more hygienic ones. These homes often lack ventilation and sanitation due to being overcrowded, open and small, and as a result, people in poverty experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality from respiratory conditions like COPD and asthma.
Undernutrition is common for those who experience poverty. This leads to a decrease in immune system function which leads to an increase risk of infection, particularly in younger children. This leads to higher mortality rates and U5MR, as well as lower life expectancy for those populations in poverty.

Question 49

Explain the poverty cycle

Answer 49

A person is born into poverty. They cannot access education, and therefore cannot access employment and a resulting income. This means they cannot afford resources required to escape poverty and live a healthy life, like nutritious food, healthcare, clean water, adequate housing etc. Without all that though, a person in poverty can still start a family and their child will be born into the same situation as them, therefore continuing the cycle.

Question 50

Explain two ways that poverty can increase the risk of infectious disease such as malaria, HIV/AIDs and or/diarrhoeal disease.

Answer 50

Poverty leads to a lack of education as it makes it harder to access school systems etc. This results in a lack of knowledge around safe sex and increases the risk of people in a poverty population developing HIV/AIDS.
People who experience poverty often have a lack of access to sanitation resources and clean water, which increases the risk of catching a disease such as diarrhoea.

Question 51

What are human rights?

Answer 51

Freedoms and conditions everyone is entitled to

Question 52

What is the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity?

Answer 52

Sexual Orientation refers to what a person is attracted to. (Heterosexual, homosexual etc.) whereas gender identity refers to what a person perceives themselves to be mentally (male or female).

Question 53

What is the difference between inequality and discrimination?

Answer 53

Inequality refers to the state of not being equal in terms of status and opportunities, whereas discrimination refers to the state of unjust prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, often on the grounds of age, sex, race and religion. The key difference is inequality is the thought and discrimination is the action of making things unfair based on something like race.

Question 54

Racial discrimination impact on health status

Answer 54

Those who are of a racial minority often face discrimination. This can lead to higher rates of mental issues like depression in these races, contributing to higher rates of morbidity.
Facing racist discrimination is a major stressor for many races, contributing to an increased risk of CVD as stress places strain on the heart if it occurs over a long period of time. This contributes to higher rates of mortality.

Question 55

Racial discrimination impact on H+W

Answer 55

Mental health and wellbeing – racism can lead to higher levels of stress and anxiety for those people, impacting mental H+W negatively.
Social H+W – racial discrimination can make a person not feel like a part of their community and hurt their ability to form meaningful relationships, negatively impacting social H+W.

Question 56

Religious discrimination impact on health status

Answer 56

Religious discrimination contributes to higher rates of anxiety and depression, leading to higher rates of morbidity.

Question 57

Religious discrimination impact on H+W

Answer 57

Mental H+W - Religious discrimination contributes to higher rates of anxiety and depression, negatively impacting mental health and wellbeing.
Physical H+W – Religious discrimination contributes to increased rates of tobacco smoking, increasing the risk of lung cancer developing, leading to an increased rate of mortality for the population.

Question 58

Sex discrimination (females) impact on health status - forced marriage and FGM

Answer 58

Forced marriage leads to a young female being taken out of school, a place they may enjoy, causing them to experience anxiety and depression potentially, leading to increased rates of morbidity.
FGM can cause severe pain, excessive bleeding, infections, shock and psychological problems. This contributes to higher rates of morbidity for young females from physical injury and mental conditions from the procedure. Infections could lead to death too, leading to higher rates of mortality.

Question 59

Sex discrimination (females) impact on H+W - forced marriage and FGM

Answer 59

Mental – Forced marriage and FGM both can cause psychological problems, meaning these females are more likely to experience depression and anxiety, negatively impacting their mental health and wellbeing.

Question 60

Sexual orientation discrimination impact on health status

Answer 60

Homosexuals are more likely to be subject to sexual and physical assault or refused opportunities a heterosexual may get. This increases their risk of developing anxiety or depression due to these experiences, increasing rates of morbidity.

Question 61

Sexual orientation discrimination impact on H+W

Answer 61

Mental H+W - Homosexuals are more likely to be subject to sexual and physical assault or refused opportunities a heterosexual may get. This increases their risk of developing anxiety or depression due to these experiences, impacting their mental H+W negatively.

Question 62

Gender identity discrimination impact on health status

Answer 62

Those who identify as a transgender or non-conforming are at high risk of discrimination, leading to higher rates of physical assault, leading to injuries and resulting in higher rates of morbidity from injuries.

Question 63

Gender identity discrimination impact on H+W

Answer 63

Mental H+W – Transgender individuals are more likely to suffer mental disorders as a result of discrimination, increasing levels of stress and anxiety and therefore have their mental wellbeing negatively impacted.

Question 64

What is globalisation?

Answer 64

Globalisation is the process of breaking down boundaries allowing for trade on a global scale.

Question 65

How does globalisation improve health status for low-income countries?

Answer 65

Globalisation allows for greater trade opportunities, which would be beneficial to low and middle-income countries as it increases their ability to improve their economy, as they are able to make more money through global trade. This increases their ability to provide health promotion resources to their community as they have more money for funding, decreasing rates of morbidity and mortality and improving the life expectancy of the country’s population.

Question 66

Global marketing and distribution of tobacco impact of health status and burden of disease

Answer 66

Global distribution of tobacco makes selling it easier, meaning for people will smoke it, particularly in lower income countries where education about the negative effects of tobacco is not as known. This increases the risk of developing a cancer from smoking, like lung cancer, increasing the rates of mortality from cancer amongst the population and lowering life expectancy.
Global distribution of tobacco allows for easier selling of tobacco leading to higher rates of smokers. This contributes to an increase in premature death, contributing more YLL to a nation’s burden of disease.

Question 67

Global marketing and distribution of alcohol impact of health status and burden of disease

Answer 67

Through global distribution, low income countries experience an increase in alcohol consumption, and due to the lack of education in those nations, alcohol misuse/overconsumption is more common, as citizens do not understand the effects. This results in a greater risk of alcohol related diseases, such as liver disease or cardiovascular disease, and this contributes to higher rates of mortality and morbidity in those countries.
Alcohol misuse often seen in low-income countries can lead to many alcohol caused accidents, such as road deaths or violence. This increases premature death and leads to more DALY’s being contributed to a nation’s burden of disease.

Question 68

Global marketing definition

Answer 68

Global marketing refers to the selling of products by companies in developed and developing countries as a result of reduced trade barriers and increased communication technologies.