HHD AOS 2 SAC Revision Flashcards
Life expectancy definition
It is the number of years of life remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
What have been the changes in life expectancy in Australia since 1900?
In Australia since 1900, life expectancy at birth has increased for both males and females.
What have been the changes in age-standardise death rates in Australia since 1900?
In Australia since 1900, age-standardise deaths rates have decreased for both males and females.
What have been the changes in deaths in children in Australia since 1900?
Children (aged 0-4) death numbers have decreased in Australia since 1900.
What have been the changes in infectious disease related deaths in Australia since 1900?
Rates of infectious disease deaths have decreased since 1900 in Australia.
What have been the changes in death rates from cardiovascular disease since 1900 in Australia?
Overall, death rates from cardiovascular disease in Australia have decreased since 1900 but initially there was an increase until 1980 and it has decreased since.
What was the focus of Old Public Health?
Old public health focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease.
What were the 7 old public health policies and practices?
Improved water sanitation Better quality housing Introduction of quarantine laws Better quality food and nutrition Safer work conditions More hygenic birthing practices Mass immunisation programs
What is the focus of new public health?
Prevention of disease through changing health behaviours of the population
New public health definition
An approach to health that expands on the traditional focus to consider the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health.
What is Medicare?
Medicare is Australia’s universal healthcare system that aims to make healthcare accessible for all permanent Australian citizens, regardless of their ability to pay.
How is Medicare funded?
Medicare Levy (2% tax of income) Medicare Levy Surcharge (additional 1-1.5% tax on income for high-income earners who don't have private health insurance) General taxation
What is the Medicare Safety Net?
The Medicare safety net is a threshold that ensures people who require frequent Medicare-covered services are given additional financial support, often through further reductions of costs.
What is a schedule fee and how much is it?
A schedule fee is the amount of money that Medicare contributes towards consultations and treatments.
It is $37.60
What is Bulk Billing?
Bulk billing refers to when a doctor charges only the schedule fee to patients, meaning they have no out-of-pocket costs as Medicare covers it all.
How is Medicare sustainable?
Medicare is sustainable through its funding.
Medicare does not cover all services meaning only the necessary ones are funded so money is spent wisely and effectively.
How is Medicare accessible?
It subsidises costs for many treatments and consultations meaning people of all incomes can access them.Medicare as a whole is targeted at low-income earners as they get extra benefits like not having to pay the Medicare levy etc. This makes it easier for them to afford services covered by Medicare, increasing their ability to access it.
How is Medicare equitable?
Medicare offers a safety net, which ensures those who require frequent services are given additional financial support, meaning those disadvantaged are still able to use the services, making things fairer.
What is the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and its aim? (PBS)
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a service that assists for paying for medicine by subsidising costs. It aims to provide essential medicines to the people who need it, regardless of their ability to pay.
What is the PBS Safety Net?
The PBS Safety Net is a protection that ensures people who spend a large amount on medicines under the PBS list are given extra financial support often in the form of further reduction of costs of medicines.
How does the PBS improve health status of Australians?
The PBS can improve the health status of Australians as it increases the accessibility of medicines needed to promote good health. This means more people are able to get the medicines they need to treat illnesses, reducing mortality rates and improving life expectancy, overall improving health status.
What is the NDIS?
It is a scheme that provides support to people with disability as well their family and carers. It is co-funded by the federal government and state governments.
What is the eligibility criteria for the NDIS?
To be eligible for the NDIS, you must
- Have a permanent and significant disability
- Be an Australian citizen under 65 years of age
- Need constant support from a person/carer or equipment like a wheelchair to do day-to-day activities,
What is the first step of accessing the NDIS?
Filling out and sending in either digitally or physically an access request form.
What does the NDIS help participants do?
The NDIS assists participants in daily personal activities, transport to enable community participation, therapeutic support, resources and support to help find employment, home and vehicle modifications to suit needs, and provide mobility equipment if required.
What is assistive technology?
Assistive technology, as defined by the WHO, is any device or system that allows individuals to perform tasks they would otherwise be unable to do or increases the ease and safety of which tasks can be performed.
How is the PBS funded?
Funded by:
- General tax
- Co-payment for medicines
How is the PBS sustainable?
Having co-payment amounts and tax percentages increase each year with inflation to ensure funding is maintained and consistent means the PBS can last long term even if it is costly to run for the govt.
How is the PBS accessible?
It subsidises costs for essential medicines for Australian citizens and residents so more people are able to afford them and therefore access them.
How is the PBS equitable?
PBS offers a safety net to ensure that people who spend large amounts on medicines on the PBS list are given extra financial support through further reductions in costs.
Those that meet the criteria for a concession card also receive significant reductions in how much they need to co-pay for medicines, making the PBS list more accessible to them and therefore, providing them fairer access as they are less able to afford them.
How is the NDIS sustainable?
Each participant receives an individual plan which means only necessary funds are spent on each person. As a result, more people can access NDIS and experience improved health outcomes, meaning the NDIS can succeed long term.
How is the NDIS accessible?
It provides people with a permanent significant disability access to ramps, carers etc. so they can lead a normal life.
If you meet the criteria, you can access the NDIS, no matter where you live.
How is the NDIS equitable?
The individualised plan NDIS participants have can identify those who need extra support and require more assistance than others so they can be offered that extra support.
What is Private Health Insurance?
Private Health Insurance is a type of health insurance where people play a premium in return for payment of health-related services not covered by Medicare. It is an additional insurance on top of Medicare.
What are the 3 private health insurance offers?
Basic hospital cover
Extras cover
Comprehensive cover
How does PHI work?
PHI works by participants paying a premium for extra benefits and services not covered by Medicare. These include the right to be admitted as a private patient into a private hospital, access to alternative services for cheaper prices like podiatry, physiotherapy etc.
What are the 3 PHI incentives?
Lifetime Cover
Medicare Levy Surcharge
Rebate
What is Lifetime Health Cover?
It is an incentive that encourages young people to take out PHI before the age of 30 and keep it for life, as those who take out PHI after 30 must pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year after their 30th birthday they don’t take it out. To avoid those extra costs, young people are encouraged to take out PHI.
What is the Medicare Surcharge Levy?
The Medicare Surcharge Levy is an extra 1-1.5% tax on income for high-income earners who have not taken out private health insurance.
What is the rebate?
The rebate refunds people up to 26% back on their PHI depending on their income. Low income earners get the most back as they are less able to afford it, so this encourages them to take PHI up as they will be getting more affordable costs for the premiums they pay for services PHI covers.
