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VCE Psychology Units 3&4 > Unit 4 AOS 3 - Practical Investigation > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 3 - Practical Investigation Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

Aim a statement outlining the purpose of the study

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis a testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment; it is written in the form of a statement and includes the variables that will be tested

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3
Q

Variable

A

Variable a factor or element of an experiment that may be manipulated or measured

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4
Q

Population

A

Population the group of people of interest to an experiment, to which the results of the experiment are generalised to

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5
Q

Independent Variable

A

Independent variable (IV) the variable that the experimenter manipulates in order to observe the effect it causes on the dependent variable

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A 
Dependent variable (DV) the variable that is being measured in an experiment for changes
it experiences due to the independent variable
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7
Q

Operationalisation

A

Operationalisation the process of defining variables in terms of how they will be either manipulated or measured in the experiment

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8
Q

Experiment

A

Experiment a study conducted in a carefully controlled environment to measure the cause and effect relationship between variables

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9
Q

Self Report

A

Self-report a participant’s subjective account of an experience; this type of investigation can be conducted through the use of a questionnaire, interview or rating scale

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10
Q

Questionnaire/Survey

A

Questionnaire (also known as surveys) a list of questions that participants can respond to in a variety of formats

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11
Q

Interview

A

Interview a type of questionnaire that is usually conducted verbally, involving the researcher asking participants questions and recording their responses

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12
Q

Observational Study

A

Observational study a type of study in which data is collected through careful monitoring
of participants

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13
Q

Case Study

A

Case study an in-depth study of an individual or a group

of individuals

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14
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Longitudinal study a type of investigation in which data is gathered from participants over an extended period of time, and the participants are followed up after specific time intervals

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15
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Cross-sectional study when data is collected from participants from different segments of the population (pre-existing cohorts) to represent a ‘snapshot’ in time

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16
Q

Control Group

A

Control group a group that is used as a basis for comparison; participants are not exposed to the experimental condition/s (the IV)

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17
Q

Experimental group

A

Experimental group the group within an experiment that

are exposed to experimental conditions (the IV)

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18
Q

Independent groups

A

Independent groups design
(also known as between groups design) an experimental design in which participants are split
into two or more groups;
typically a control group and an experimental group/s

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19
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Repeated measures design
(also known as within groups design) an experimental design in which the same participants are in every condition of the experiment

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20
Q

Matched participants design

A

Matched participants design an experimental design in which participants are paired based upon relevant characteristics, whereupon one member of the pair is tested in one condition, and the other member is tested in the other

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21
Q

Population

A

Population (also known as the research population) the group of interest to the study, from which the sample is drawn

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22
Q

Sample

A

Sample a subset of the population, commonly referred to as the research participants

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23
Q

Sampling

A

Sampling the process through which the participants for a study are selected from the population of interest

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24
Q

Random Sampling

A

Random sampling when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

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25
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Stratified sampling when
the population is divided into groups based upon relevant characteristics, and participants are selected from each group in proportion to how they appear in the population

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26
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Convenience sampling when a sample is selected using the quickest and easiest means possible, selecting people who are readily available from the population

27
Q

Allocation

A

Allocation the process of assigning participants to conditions in the experiment for the research

28
Q

Random Allocation

A

Random allocation when every member of the sample has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition in an experiment

29
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Extraneous variables variables other than the independent variable that may produce unwanted results in an experiment

30
Q

Confounding variables

A

Confounding variables variables other than the independent variable that have directly and systematically had an effect on the dependent variable

31
Q

Participant-related variables

A

Participant-related variables individual participant differences that can affect
the results

32
Q

Order effects

A

Order effects (also known as practice effects) a source of error in repeated-measures designs due to the order the participants participate in the experimental and control conditions

33
Q

Sampling procedures

A

Sampling procedures the method of choosing an appropriate sampling procedure to reduce possible extraneous and confounding variables

34
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Counterbalancing a method used in repeated-measures experimental designs to reduce order effects

35
Q

Placebo effect

A

Placebo effect when an inactive treatment has an effect due to the participants’ expectations

36
Q

Placebo

A

Placebo an inactive medication or treatment, used to control for participant expectations

37
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

Single-blind procedure a procedure in which participants are unaware of which condition they have been allocated to,
in order to reduce participant expectations

38
Q

Experimenter effects

A

Experimenter effects occur when an experimenter’s expectations about the study influence the results

39
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Double-blind procedure a procedure in which both the participants and the person conducting the experiment are unaware of which condition participants have been allocated to, in order to reduce experimenter bias

40
Q

Non-standardised testing procedures

A

Non-standardised testing procedures when instructions and procedures in an experiment are not consistent for all participants, therefore affecting the results obtained

41
Q

Standardised instructions

A

Standardised instructions and procedures the consistent use of instructions and procedures for all participants

42
Q

Voluntary participation

A

Voluntary participation the right of the participant to freely choose to willingly participate

43
Q

Informed consent

A

Informed consent the right of the participant to have a thorough understanding of the nature of the experiment, before agreeing to participate

44
Q

Withdrawal rights

A

Withdrawal rights the right of the participant to leave the study at any point, without fear of consequence

45
Q

Confidentiality

A

Confidentiality the right of the participant for their personal details to remain private

46
Q

Deception

A

Deception when the participant is unaware of the true nature of the experiment

47
Q

Debriefing

A

Debriefing occurs at the conclusion of an experiment and involves the researcher outlining the nature of the experiment to participants and includes ensuring that participants do not leave the experiment with lasting harm

48
Q

Primary data collection

A

Primary data collection a method of data collection involving data being collected directly by the experimenter

49
Q

Quantitative data

A

Quantitative data data concerning numerical amounts; expressed numerically

50
Q

Qualitative data

A

Qualitative data data that describes the characteristics of something; data of concepts that can be measured non-numerically

51
Q

Subjective data

A

Subjective data data that relies on personal opinion or self-report

52
Q

Objective data

A

Objective data data that can be observed or measured by multiple people and obtain the same results

53
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Descriptive statistics statistics that are used to organise and summarise data

54
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Inferential statistics statistics that provide information on the statistical significance of the results and suggest how they might apply to a wider population

55
Q

Mean

A

Mean a measure of central tendency that represents the average of a data set

56
Q

Standard deviation

A

Standard deviation a measure of central tendency that represents the spread of data around the mean

57
Q

Outlier

A

Outlier a value that differs from the other values in a data set

58
Q

Conclusion

A

Conclusion a statement regarding the results of an investigation as to whether the hypothesis was supported or not

59
Q

Generalisability

A

Generalisability the extent

to which the results of an investigation can be applied to the wider research population

60
Q

Reliability

A

Reliability how likely it is that

the results are consistent and the same results would be obtained by another researcher

61
Q

Validity

A

Validity the extent to which the investigation measures what it intends to measure

62
Q

Internal validity

A

Internal validity the extent

to which the changes in the dependent variable are caused by the independent variable, and not other variables

63
Q

External validity

A

External validity the extent

to which the results of an investigation can be applied to other settings, people and time

VCE Psychology Units 3&4 (5 decks)

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