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VCE Psychology Units 3&4 > Unit 3 AOS 2 - How Do People Learn And Remember? > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 - How Do People Learn And Remember? Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Neural plasticity the ability of the brain to physically change in response to experience

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2
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

Synaptic plasticity a type of neural plasticity that refers to the ability of synaptic connections
to form, weaken or strengthen in response to activity and experience

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3
Q

long-term Potentiation

A

Long-term potentiation

the long-lasting and experience- dependent strengthening of synaptic connections

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4
Q

Long term depression

A

Long-term depression

the long-lasting and experience- dependent weakening of postsynaptic responses

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurotransmitter a chemical substance that carries information between neurons

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6
Q

Neurohormones

A

Neurohormone a chemical substance sent from neurons into the bloodstream

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7
Q

Glutamate

A

Glutamate the primary excitatory neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Adrenaline

A

Adrenaline (also known as epinephrine) a neurohormone that increases physiological arousal and contributes to the consolidation of emotionally arousing memories

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9
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Classical conditioning a model of learning in which organisms learn through the involuntary association of two or more stimuli

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10
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus (NS) a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

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11
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

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12
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response (UCR) a natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

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13
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Conditioned response

A

Conditioned response (CR) a response caused by the conditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Aquisition

A

Acquisition the period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which the learner begins to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

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16
Q

Extinction

A

Extinction when the conditioned response no longer occurs for an extended period of time

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17
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Spontaneous recovery the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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18
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Stimulus discrimination the process in which an organism only demonstrates the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus and not to stimuli similar to it

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19
Q

Stimulus generalisation

A

Stimulus generalisation a process in which the learner demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

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20
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

Conditioned emotional responses an emotional response to a stimulus that doesn’t naturally produce that response, learned through the process of classical conditioning

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning learning through the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives

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22
Q

Antecedent

A

Antecedent a stimulus that causes a voluntary behaviour to occur

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23
Q

Behaviour

A

Behaviour a voluntary action in response to an antecedent

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24
Q

Consequence

A

Consequence an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again

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25
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again

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26
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement when a stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

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27
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Negative reinforcement when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

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28
Q

Punishment

A

Punishment a type of consequence that makes the behaviour less likely to occur again

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29
Q

Positive punishment

A

Positive punishment when a stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again

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30
Q

Response cost

A

Response cost (also known as negative punishment) when a stimulus is removed in order to discourage a behaviour occurring again

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31
Q

Extinction

A

Extinction when the conditioned behaviour no longer occurs in response to an antecedent, for an extended period of time

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32
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Spontaneous recovery when the behaviour occurs in response to the antecedent again, following a period of extinction

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33
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Stimulus discrimination when the behaviour occurs in response to a specific antecedent only

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34
Q

Stimulus generalisition

A

Stimulus generalisation when the behaviour occurs in response to a similar, but different, antecedent

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35
Q

Observational learning

A

Observational learning
(also known as social learning, vicarious conditioning,
or modelling) a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and
the consequences that their actions receive

36
Q

Model

A

Model the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being watched/observed

37
Q

Attention

A

Attention the first stage of observational learning. Learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn

38
Q

Retention

A

Retention the second stage
of observational learning. The learner must create a mental representation and remember (retain) the behaviour the model has demonstrated

39
Q

Reproduction

A

Reproduction the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour

40
Q

Motivation

A

Motivation the fourth stage

of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur

41
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement the fifth stage
of observational learning. If the learner receives a desirable consequence for their behaviour, they are more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future

42
Q

Memory

A

Memory the process of encoding, storing and retrieving learned information

43
Q

Atkinson-shiffrin multi-store model of learning

A

Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory a model
of memory which outlines the
flow of information in memory formation and retrieval through three separate stores of memory; sensory, short-term and long-term, each of which have a different function, capacity and duration

44
Q

Encoding

A

Encoding the process of converting raw information from stimuli into a useable form which can be stored in the brain

45
Q

Storage

A

Storage retaining converted information so it can be accessed and used in the future

46
Q

Retrieval

A

Retrieval accessing information which has previously been stored in the brain

47
Q

Sensory memory

A

Sensory memory store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses

48
Q

Echoic memory

A

Echoic memory a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores auditory information

49
Q

Iconic memory

A

Iconic memory a type of sensory memory which temporarily stores visual information

50
Q

Short term. memory

A

Short-term memory (STM)

store of memory which holds information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated

51
Q

Long term memory

A

Long-term memory (LTM) store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time

52
Q

Explicit memory

A

Explicit memory (also known as declarative memory) a type of long-term memory that can be consciously retrieved

53
Q

Semantic memory

A

Semantic memory a type of explicit memory which consists of general knowledge or facts

54
Q

Episodic memory

A

Episodic memory a type of explicit memory which involves a personal experience or event

55
Q

Implicit memory

A

Implicit memory a type of long-term memory that is retrieved unconsciously

56
Q

Procedural memory

A

Procedural memory a type of implicit memory which involves knowing how to carry out tasks, facilitated by motor skills

57
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

Classically conditioned memory
a type of implicit memory which involves an involuntary response, such as fear, to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus

58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Cerebral cortex a brain structure where long-term memories are stored

59
Q

Hippocampus

A

Hippocampus a brain structure which encodes explicit memories

60
Q

Amygdala

A

Amygdala a brain structure involved in encoding and consolidating emotionally charged memories

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

Cerebellum a brain structure which encodes and stores implicit procedural memories

62
Q

brain trauma

A

Brain trauma any form of damage or injury to the brain

63
Q

Brain surgery

A

Brain surgery the treatment of brain injury or disease with the use of medical instruments

64
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia a condition where new explicit memories cannot be effectively consolidated after trauma to the hippocampus

65
Q

Neurodegenerative disease

A

Neurodegenerative disease a disease characterised by the progressive loss of neurons in the brain

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Alzheimer’s disease a neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss
of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline

67
Q

Amyloid plaques

A

Amyloid plaques fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons

68
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Neurofibrillary tangles an accumulation of the protein tau that forms insoluble tangles within neurons, which then inhibit the transport of essential substances throughout the neuron, eventually killing the neuron entirely

69
Q

Retrieval cue

A

Retrieval cue stimuli that act as a prompt to access information from long-term memory

70
Q

Context dependent cues

A

Context dependent cues stimuli in the physical environment where a memory is recalled that act as
a prompt to retrieve memories formed in that environment

71
Q

State dependent cues

A

State dependent cues aspects of an individual’s psychological and physiological experience at the time a memory was formed that later act as a prompt to retrieve that memory

72
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Maintenance rehearsal repeating new information over and over again to functionally enhance the duration of short-term memory and transfer information to long- term memory

73
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Elaborative rehearsal encoding new information by meaningfully linking it to information already stored in long-term memory to enhance its storage and later retrieval

74
Q

Serial position effect

A

Serial position effect a tendency for free recall to be superior for items at the end and beginning of a list compared to items in the middle

75
Q

Primacy effect

A

Primacy effect enhanced recall
of information presented at the beginning of a list due to this information being rehearsed and transferred into long-term memory

76
Q

Recency effect

A

Recency effect enhanced recall of information presented at the end of a list due to this information remaining in short-term memory

77
Q

Recall

A

Recall a method of retrieving information from memory

78
Q

Free recall

A

Free recall retrieving information from memory in any order without the use of a prompt

79
Q

Cued recall

A

Cued recall retrieving information from memory with the use of a prompt

80
Q

Serial recall

A

Serial recall retrieving information from memory in the order in which it was first encoded

81
Q

Recognition

A

Recognition identifying information from memory amongst a list of alternatives

82
Q

Relearning

A

Relearning learning information another time after having already learned this information in the past

83
Q

Reconstruction

A

Reconstruction the process of reproducing and piecing together information from memory in
an attempt to form a coherent representation of a past event
or stimuli

84
Q

Eye-witness testimony

A

Eye-witness testimony an account given by an individual of an event they have directly observed

85
Q

Leading questions

A

Leading questions questions that contain information that imply or prompt a certain response

VCE Psychology Units 3&4 (5 decks)

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