Unit 4: AOS 3

Question 1

Aim

Answer 1

the aim of the study was to determine if the (iv) influences the (dv)

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

It was hypothesised that (population) who (iv) will increase/decrease (dv), compared to (population) who (iv)

Question 3

IV

Answer 3

manipulated

Question 4

DV

Answer 4

measured

Question 5

Case study

Answer 5

an investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes the complexities that would be encountered in the real world

Question 6

Case Study +/-

Answer 6

+highly detailed
+allow phenomena to be examined in depth
-cannot be generalised to wider population
-time-consuming

Question 7

Correlational Study

Answer 7

a type of non-experimental study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation of them

Question 8

Correlational Study +/-

Answer 8

+no manipulation of variables required
+naturalistic settings (applicable to real work)
-cannot draw conclusions about cause and effect
-subject to the influence of extraneous variables

Question 9

Controlled experiments

Answer 9

type of investigation in which the casual relationship between two variables is tested in a controlled environment (effect of iv on the dv tested while aiming to control all other variables)

Question 10

Controlled experiments +/-

Answer 10

+draw conclusions about specific variables
+strictly controlled procedure
-setting may not reflect real life
-open to researcher error or experimenter effects

Question 10

Controlled experiements EG

Answer 10

 Within subjects: all participants take part in every condition
 Between subjects: every participation experiences only one condition
 Mixed design: combines features

Question 11

Fieldwork

Answer 11

observing and interacting with a selected environment beyond the classroom (direct observation, qualitative interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, yarning circles)

Question 12

Fieldwork +/-

Answer 12

+applicable to real world
+rich, detailed data
-time-consuming and expensive
-difficult to control environment and extraneous variables

Question 13

Population

Answer 13

large group that is of interest to the researcher

Question 14

Convenience sampling

Answer 14

selecting readily available members of the population

Question 15

Convenience sampling +/-

Answer 15

+time-effective
+cost-effective
-harder to generalise results
-unrepresentative sample

Question 16

Random sampling

Answer 16

equal chance

Question 17

Random Sampling +/-

Answer 17

+equal chance
+highly representative sample
-time-consuming
-biased sample (by chance)

Question 18

Stratified Sampling

Answer 18

breaking the population into groups based on strata you wish to control for in the sample

Question 19

Stratified Sampling +/-

Answer 19

+representative sample
-time-consuming
-expensive

Question 20

Extraneous variables

Answer 20

a variable other than the IV that MAY cause a change in the DV

Question 21

Confounding variables

Answer 21

a variable other than IV that has an unwanted effect on the DV

Question 22

EV/CV EG

Answer 22

o Participant-related differences
o Order effects
o Placebo effects
o Experimenter effects
o Situation variables
o Non-standard instructions and procedures
o Demand characteristics

Question 23

Ways to prevent EV/CV

Answer 23

o Sample size and procedures
o Experimental design choice
o Counterbalancing
o Placebo
o Single blind procedures
o Double blind procedures
o Standardised instructions and procedures
o Controlled variables

Question 24

Ethical Concepts

Answer 24

 Beneficence
 Integrity
 Justice
 Non-maleficence
 Respect

Question 25

Ethical Guidelines

Answer 25

 Confidentiality
 Debriefing
 Informed consent procedures
 Use of deception in research
 Voluntary participation
 Withdrawal rights

Question 26

Accuracy

Answer 26

how close a measurement is to the true value

Question 27

Precision

Answer 27

how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other

Question 28

Repeatability

Answer 28

same results when carried out under identical conditions

Question 29

Reproductibility

Answer 29

same results when repeated under different conditions

Question 30

Validity

Answer 30

measures what it is supposed to measure
o Internal validity: no EV (high), EV (low)
o External validity: large sample (high), small sample (low)

Question 31

Errors

Answer 31

 Systematic errors: consistent amount
 Random errors: occur due to chance
 Personal errors: mistakes, miscalculations and observer errors
 Uncertainty in data: lack of exact knowledge due to variation in knowledge

Question 32

 Can be Generalised

Answer 32

o Sample is representative
o No confounding variables
o Results statistically significant

Question 33

Conclusion/Generalisation

Answer 33

From the research evaluated, it can be concluded that the hypothesis was …, These findings (can/cannot) be generalised to the wider population due to …