Unit 3: AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

process of acquiring knowledge, skills or behaviours through experience

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2
Q

Classical conditioning:

A

a process of learning through the involuntary association between neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response

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3
Q

Before conditioning:

A

REAL EXAMPLE/TEMPLATE: The neutral stimulus (NS) notification sound leads to no response. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) message/notification from friend leads to the unconditioned response (UCR) feelings of excitement.

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4
Q

During conditioning

A

REAL EXAMPLE/TEMPLATE: The NS notification sound must be presented immediately before the UCS message notification from a friend, which are repeatedly paired which results in the UCR feelings of excitement.

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5
Q

After conditioning

A

REAL EXAMPLE/TEMPLATE: The NS is now the conditioned stimulus (CS) notification sound and the UCR is now the conditioned response (CR) feelings of excitement.

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6
Q

Social-cognitive approaches to learning:

A

theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes

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7
Q

Observational learning

A

a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour
o Learning occurs indirectly through observation
o Cognition is necessary (thinking and memory)
o Learner has an active role

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8
Q

Observational learning steps

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. reproduction
  4. motivation
  5. reinforcement
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9
Q

Attention

A

the first stage of the observational learning in which individuals actively focus on the model’s behaviour and the consequence of the behaviour

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10
Q

Retention

A

the second stage of observational learning in which individuals create a mental representation to remember the model’s demonstrated behaviour

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11
Q

Reproduction

A

the third stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate this behaviour

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12
Q

Motivation

A

the fourth stage of observational learning in which the individual must want/desire to reproduce the behaviour

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13
Q

Reinforcement

A

the fifth stage of observational learning in which the individual receives a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour in the future

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14
Q

Self-reinforcement

A

the behaviour is reinforced through factors internal to the individual

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15
Q

External reinforcement

A

the behaviour is reinforced by factors external to the individual

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16
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

behaviour is reinforced by overserving the reinforcement of another person performing the same behaviour. This can enhance the individual’s motivation and make them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again in the future, despite not being directly reinforced themselves

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17
Q

System of knowledge:

A

knowledge and skills are based on the interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings, and in turn, inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity

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18
Q

Aboriginal Learning Framework …

A

story sharing
learning maps
non-verbal
symbols and images
land links
non-linear
deconstruct/reconstruct
community links

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19
Q

Story sharing:

A

learning takes place through narrative and story-sharing

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20
Q

Learning maps

A

planning and visualising processes and knowledge

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21
Q

Non-verbal

A

sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art and observation

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22
Q

Symbols and images:

A

learning through images, symbols and metaphors

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23
Q

Land links

A

learning and knowledge are inherently linked to nature, land and Country

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24
Q

Non-linear

A

thinking outside the square and taking knowledge from different viewpoints in order to build new understandings

25
Q

Deconstruct/reconstruct:

A

breaking down a concept from whole to parts, and then applying it, knowledge or skills are demonstrated and then a learner is guided through each part in turn, learners engage by watching and then doing

26
Q

Community links

A

connecting learning to local values, needs and knowledge, learning does not occur in a vacuum but rather is shared with others and used to meet the needs of the community

27
Q

The process of learning for Australia’s First Nations is deeply embedded in relationships

A
  • Relationships between concepts
  • Relationships between learner and teacher
  • Relationships between individuals, families and communities
  • Relationships between all of the above and country
28
Q

Sensory memory

A

a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
* Our sensory memory store has an unlimited capacity
* Duration varies between 0.2 to 4 seconds

29
Q

STM

A

a store of memory that holds a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
* Duration varies between 18-30 seconds
* Capacity: 5-9 items

30
Q

LTM

A

 LTM: a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of information is stores for a relatively permanent amount of time
* Duration: relatively permanent
* Capacity: unlimited

31
Q

Diagram Memory

A

SM -> (attention) -> STM
STM (rehearsal)
STM-> (encoding)->LTM
LYM -> (retrieval) -> STM

32
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin +

A
  • Distinguishes between the different stores involved in memory
  • Outlines that each memory store has a different capacity and duration
  • Provides a good understanding of the structure and process of memory
33
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin -

A
  • May be considered oversimplified
  • STM is more complex than the model suggests
  • Model ignores factors such as motivation and strategy which can facilitate learning and assist in encoding information from STM and LTM
34
Q

Types of Long-Term Memory

A

explicit (episodic, semantic)
implicit (procedural, cc memory)

35
Q

Explicit memory

A

type of long-memory that is consciously retrieved

36
Q

Semantic Memory

A

general knowledge of facts (dogs bark)

37
Q

Episodic memory

A

personal experiences of events (holidays)

38
Q

Implicit Memory

A

type of long-term memory that is unconsciously retrieved

39
Q

Procedural memory

A

how to carry out tasks (kick a ball)

40
Q

Classically conditioned memory

A

involuntary response, such as fear to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotionally arousing stimulus (reflexively)

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

brain structure involved in encoding, consolidation and retrieval of explicit memories

42
Q

Hippocampus: damage

A

may experience difficulty forming new explicit memories due to hippocampus’ encoding memory role

43
Q

Amygdala

A

a brain structure that is primarily involved in encoding the emotional component of classically conditioned and explicit memories

44
Q

Amygdala: damage

A

damage to amygdala are unable to acquire a conditioned fear response, likely to form conscious long-term explicit memories involving the details of the experience but not an implicit memory that would enable them to produce or express the fear response

45
Q

Neocortex

A

a brain structure that stores explicit memories

46
Q

Neocortex: damage

A

experience difficulties in attention, memory, learning and higher cognitive abilities, they have a higher chance of developing dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

47
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

a brain structure involved in encoding and storing of procedural memories and classically conditioned memories associated with unconscious habits, behaviours, procedures, routine behaviours and learning

48
Q

Basal Ganglia: damage

A

impaired voluntary movements associated with Parkinson’s Disease (tremors, repetitive movements of hands and fingers)

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

a brain structure that encodes and temporarily stores implicit procedural memories for motor skills such as executing voluntary movement, and those created through classical conditioning

50
Q

Cerebellum: damage

A

difficult to time and coordinate muscle control for everyday activities like talking, reaching, walking, brushing teeth or throwing a ball

51
Q

Episodic + Semantic =

A

autobiographical event
o Semantic: knowledge or facts
o Episodic: events

52
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

irreversible, progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease that attacks the brain and kills brain cells, causing severe cognitive and behavioural decline, eventually resulting in death

53
Q

Alzheimers: damage

A
  • Earliest damage occurs in the hippocampus
    o Events (episodic memories)
    o Words, names, directions, narratives, stores knowledge (semantic memories)
  • Later damage occurs in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum
54
Q

Amyloid plaques (outside neuron)

A

abnormal clusters of beta-amyloid fragments that collect on the outside of nerve cells, destroying the synapses and the conduction of nerve impulses

55
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles (inside neuron)

A

twisted strands of Tau protein found in the centre of dead and dying nerve cells

56
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles: damage

A

associated with hippocampus -> may struggle to remember semantic and episodic components of personally experienced events

57
Q

Aphantasia

A

phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery

58
Q
A