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PSYCH EXAm > Unit 3: AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3: AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

CNS

A

receives neural messages from and transmits neural messages to the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

PNS

A

comprising every neuron in the body outside of the central nervous system

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3
Q

PNS branches

A

somatic
autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

transmits neural messages related to voluntary motor movement

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

: regulates visceral muscles, organs and glands, and transmits neural messages to the CNS about activity

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6
Q

Sympathetic

A

activates visceral muscles, organs, glands, preparing the body to respond to a threat/stressor

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7
Q

Parasympathetic

A

maintains optimal and balanced functioning of visceral muscles, organs and glands

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8
Q

Sensory neuron (afferent

A

transmit sensory neural messages about sensations from PNS to CNS

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9
Q

Motor neuron (efferent)

A

transmit motor neural messages about movement from CNS to PNS

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10
Q

Interneuron

A

transfer impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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11
Q

Conscious response

A

deliberate and voluntary action, initiated by the brain and performed intentionally by the body

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12
Q

Conscious response steps

A
  1. Sensory receptors receive info from sense organs
  2. Sensory neurons (somatic) send info to CNS
  3. Brain receives and interprets info and makes a decision on movement
  4. Motor neurons (somatic) send info from brain to effector cells in skeletal muscles
  5. Skeletal muscles move accordingly
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13
Q

Unconscious response

A

automatic and involuntary action performed by the body independently of the brain

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14
Q

Unconscious response steps

A
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15
Q

Neurochemicals

A

chemical substance that transmits neural information within the nervous system

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on one or two postsynaptic neurons
o Excitatory neurotransmitters: glutamate – learning & memory
o Inhibitory neurotransmitters: GABA – reduces anxiety

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17
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemical molecule that has an effect on multiple postsynaptic neurons
o Dopamine – motor movement, pleasure
o Serotonin – mood and sleep

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18
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to activity or experience

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19
Q

Sprouting

A

ability of dendrites and axons to develop new extensions or branches

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20
Q

Rerouting

A

ability of a neuron connected to a damaged neuron to create alternative synaptic connection with an undamaged neuron

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21
Q

Pruning

A

elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated

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22
Q

LTP

A

long lasting and experience dependent strengthening of synaptic connections that are regularly coactivated

23
Q

LTD

A

long-lasting and experience-dependent weakening of synaptic connections that are not regularly coactivated

24
Q

Stress

A

psychological and physiological experience that occurs when an individual encounters something of significance that demands their attention and/or efforts to cope

25
Q

Stressor

A

internal or external stimulus that prompts a stress response

26
Q

Internal stress

A

stimulus within a person’s body that prompts stress response

27
Q

External stress

A

stimulus from outside a person’s body that prompts the stress response

28
Q

Eustress

A

form of stress characterised by positive psychological state

29
Q

Distress

A

form of stress characterised by negative psychological state

30
Q

Acute stress

A

stress that lasts for a relatively short time

31
Q

Chronic stress

A

stress that continues for a prolonged period of time

32
Q

fight flight freeze

A

involuntary response to a threatening, fearful or stressful situation, involving physiological changed produced by the sympathetic nervous system

33
Q

Cortisol

A

hormone released in times of stress to aid the body in initiating and maintaining heightened arousal (primary stress syndrome) secreted by adrenal glands
o Causes the body’s functions to operate at heightened levels

34
Q

HPA axis

A

activated at slower, longer-lasting response to stress which induces release of cortisol into the bloodstream

35
Q

Alarm-reaction stage

A

: initial decrease and subsequent increase in bodily arousal in response to immediate stressor
o Shock: resistance falls below normal
o Countershock: sympathetic causes physiological reactions to occur, resistance increase to above normal

36
Q

Resistance stage

A

maintaining high levels of bodily arousal in response to persistent stressor, resistance above normal
o Cortisol released into bloodstream to energise body

37
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

depletion of energy levels and bodily resources, resulting in an inability to cope with the stressor

38
Q

GAS +

A

+predictable pattern of physiological responses associated with distinct stages

39
Q

GAS -

A
  • only focuses on biological aspects
40
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

initial process of evaluating the nature of incoming stressor
o Benign positive: initial appraisal of a stimulus as neutral or good that does not cause stress
o Irrelevant: initial appraisal of a stimulus as a non-issue for the individual
o Stressful
 Harm/loss: caused damage to individual
 Threat: causes damage to the future
 Challenge: positive opportunity for growth

41
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluating the resources required and available in order to cope with a stressor

42
Q

Emotion focused coping

A

coping strategies that target emotional components of a stressor

43
Q

Problem focused coping

A

coping strategies that directly target the source of the stressor

44
Q

Coping resources ….

A

 Coping sources are adequate
o Reappraisal or reduced/eliminated stress
 Not enough resources available
o Stress

45
Q

TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING + and -

A

+allows track the subjective stress response
-stages of primary and secondary appraisal can occur simultaneously

46
Q

gut microbiota

A

all of the microorganisms that live in the gut

47
Q

Gut microbiome

A

all of the genes of the microorganisms that live in the gut

48
Q

Gut brain axis

A

bidirectional connection between the gut and the brain through the enteric and central nervous system
o Enteric nervous system: network of nerves in the gut (autonomic subdivision)
o CNS

49
Q

Context-specific effectiveness

A

when the coping strategy or mechanism used is appropriate for the unique demands of the stressor

50
Q

Coping flexibility

A

an individuals ability to adjust or change their coping strategies depending on the unique changing demands of a stressor

51
Q

High and Low coping

A

o High coping: readily adjust coping strategy
o Low coping: difficultly in adjusting or adapting coping strategy

52
Q

Approach strategy

A

directly confront source of the stress and reduce it (practical)

53
Q

Avoidance strategy

A

evading or distancing oneself from source of stress (not practical)

54
Q
A

PSYCH EXAm (5 decks)

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