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PSYCH EXAm > Unit 4: AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4: AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

the level of awareness an individual has of their thoughts, feelings, perceptions and existence

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2
Q

Psychological construct

A

an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or observed

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3
Q
  • Normal waking consciousness (NWC)
A

o Awake and aware
o Ability to be aware of internal and external stimuli
o E.g focused attention, relaxed state

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4
Q
  • Altered states of consciousness (ASC)
A

o Lowered levels of quality of experience and levels of awareness
o Often temporary changes in consciousness
o E.g daydreaming, drowsy

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5
Q

Induced altered states of consciousness:

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs due to a purposeful action or aid

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6
Q

Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness:

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs without intervention

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7
Q

Conscious Continuum

A

a visual representation of the different states of consciousness that progress from lower levels of awareness to higher levels of awareness

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8
Q

Sleep

A

a regular and naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that involves a loss of awareness and disengagement with internal and external stimuli

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9
Q

Sleep characteristics

A
  • A reduction in the control we have over thoughts, for example, we lack control over what we dream about
  • Less accurate understanding of the passage of time
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10
Q

REM Sleep

A

characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, and low levels of physical activity
o Involves low levels of somatic NS activity, meaning there are low levels of movement in this stage

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11
Q

NREM Sleep

A

a type of sleep characterised by a lack of rapid eye movement and is subdivided into three different stages
o NREM stage 1, NREM stage 2, NREM stage 3

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12
Q

NREM Sleep: As the night progresses

A

o The amount of time spent in NREM sleep decreases
o Sleep becomes shallower
o Heart rate and respiration rate progressively slow down

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13
Q

NREM Sleep: Physical restoration

A

o Increase in growth hormone secretion
o Prepares the body for the next day by replenishing it

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14
Q

Stage 1 NREM

A
  • Light form of sleep
  • Hypnagogic state, in which some people experience feelings of floating or falling or a sudden jerk (referred to as a hypnic jerk)
  • Individual is easily woken as they are more responsive to external stimuli
  • Experience lower levels of bodily arousal (heart rate, respiration, temperature)
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15
Q

Stage 2 NREM

A
  • Sleep is still considered a lighter form of sleep
  • Body movements lessen and heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature decrease
  • Duration: 45-55% of a sleep episode, between 10-25 minutes during the first cycle
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16
Q

Stage 3 NREM

A
  • Less awareness of their external environment and are much harder to wake, being woken in this stage can cause sleep inertia (temporary disorientation and confusion after waking from sleep)
  • Muscles are completely relaxed and heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature continue to drop
  • May involve basic imagery dreams and sleep walking/talking are most likely to occur in this stage
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17
Q

Sleep episode

A

full duration of time spent asleep, a sleep episode is made up of multiple repeated cycles of REM and NREM sleep, called sleep cycles

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18
Q

Hypnograms

A

graphs used to display the data from a person’s sleep wake cycle

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19
Q

Measuring Sleep

A
  • Objective data involves measuring physiological changes under controlled conditions
    o Minimises bias and represents a more scientific, accurate and reliable method of data collection that allows experiments to be replicated independently
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20
Q

Objective measurements that can indicate levels of alertness and therefore an altered state of consciousness include:

A

o (EEG) – quantitative
o (EOG) – quantitative
o (EMG) – quantitative

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21
Q

Electrooculography (EOG)

A

 Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity (DARE) in the muscles around the eyes

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22
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

 Detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in the muscles

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23
Q

Electro-Encephalography (EEG)

A

 Machine used to detect, amplify and record electrical activity of the brain, measured in the form of a brainwaves

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24
Q

Electro-Encephalography (EEG) Brainwaves (frequency)

A
  • Frequency: the number of brainwaves per second
    o High frequency = greater brain activity
    o Low frequency = less brain activity
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25
Q

Electro-Encephalography (EEG) Brainwaves (amplitude)

A
  • Amplitude: intensity of brainwaves
    o High amplitude = large peaks and troughs
    o Low amplitude = small peaks and troughs
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26
Q

NREM frequency

A
  • Stage 1 – high frequency, low amplitude, but lower frequency and higher amplitude than normal-waking consciousness
  • Stage 2 – medium frequency and medium amplitude in NREM sleep stage 2 (light sleep)
  • Stage 3 – lower frequency and higher amplitude in NREM sleep stage 3 (deep sleep)
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27
Q

REM frequency

A

REM Sleep
* Higher frequency and lower amplitude

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28
Q

Sleep Diaries

A

a type of self-reported data recording an individual’s sleep and waking time activities usually over a period of several weeks (quanitative and qualitative)

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29
Q

Sleep diaries +

A

+ Can be used to determine whether the sleep pattern observed is uncharacteristic for the individual
+ Determines how the individuals daily functioning is affected

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30
Q

Sleep diaries -

A
  • Is a subjective measure, opens the door for bias and can make it difficult to compare with others
  • Participants may forget to complete the report each day
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31
Q

Video monitoring

A

 Video monitoring: involves the use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual as they sleep, providing data specific to the individual to track their sleeping and waking periods, their movements and activities when sleeping and the sounds they make while sleeping

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32
Q

Video Monitoring +

A

+ Records observable behavioural changes over extended periods of time
+ Records are permanent and can be viewed a number of times

33
Q

Video Monitoring -

A
  • Opens the potential for bias as it is a subjective measure
  • Participants behaviour may be blocked from view of the camera
34
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

repeated biological processes that are regulated by internal mechanisms

35
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours

36
Q

Sleep Considered Both Circadian and Ultradian Rhythm

A
  • Circadian rhythm: follows a 24 hour cycle
  • Ultradian rhythm: sleep cycles comprised of REM and NREM sleep follow a cycle that is less than 24 hours, and occur multiple times each night
37
Q

Melatonin

A

hormone released by the pineal gland typically at night-time to induce sleep as part of the sleep wake cycle

38
Q

Melatonin …

A
  • Body produces melatonin naturally and usually in adequate amounts
  • Onset of darkness in the evening, levels of melatonin start to rise
39
Q

Cortisol

A

a hormone responsible for increasing alertness and maintaining heightened arousal, released by the adrenal glands in the morning to promote wakefulness and alertness (adrenal cortex releases cortisol)

40
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

an area of the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating an individual’s sleep-wake cycle

41
Q

Amount of neurons … located in … (SCN)

A

10,000 neurons each and are located above the optic chiasm

42
Q

SCN …

A
  • Regulates our sleep-wake cycle by acting like an internal body clock by acting as an internal body clock
  • SN receives information from both external and internal cues to help modulate the circadian rhythm
43
Q

Pathway to the Release of Melatonin

A
  1. Light sensitive neurons in the retinas of the eyes detect incoming light (from external environment)
  2. Messages are sent to the brain (SCN) via the optic nerve (about light in external surroundings)
  3. The SCN is our body’s internal body clock and regulates the circadian rhythm
  4. At night when no light is detected the SCN sends a signal to the pineal gland to release melatonin (making us feel sleepy)
  5. During the day when there is light, the SCN sends inhibitory messages to the pineal gland, meaning less melatonin is released (promoting wakefulness)
44
Q

Sleep Across the Lifespan

A
  • Sleep onset
  • Increased awakenings during the night
  • Amount of total sleep required decreases
  • Amount of time spent in REM sleep decreases
  • Amount of time spent in NREM sleep increases
45
Q

Neonatal Period (1-15 days)

A
  • Sleep duration is the highest is will ever be in the lifespan
  • Sleep duration: 16 hours
  • REM sleep: 50%
  • NREM sleep: 50%
46
Q

Infancy (3-24 months)

A
  • Sleep duration: 13.5 hours
  • REM sleep: 35%
  • NREM sleep: 65%
  • Rapid mental and physical growth
  • Need a lot of REM sleep to help replenish the mind
47
Q

Childhood (2-14 years)

A
  • Sleep duration: 11 hours
  • REM sleep: 20%
  • NREM sleep: 80%
  • Common for children to take naps during the day until the age of 14
48
Q

Adolescence (14-18 years)

A
  • Sleep duration: 9 hours
  • REM sleep: 20%
  • NREM sleep: 80%
  • Melatonin is released later, meaning they fall asleep later and wake up later
  • Adolescence usually get less sleep than required
49
Q

Young Adulthood (18-30 years)

A
  • Sleep duration: 7.75 hours
  • REM sleep: 20%
  • NREM sleep: 80%
  • Cycle shifts to an earlier sleep time and earlier wake time
50
Q

Middle Adulthood (30-75 years)

A
  • Sleep duration: 7-8 hours
  • REM sleep: 20%
  • NREM sleep: 80%
  • Cycle shifts to an earlier sleep time and earlier wake time
51
Q

Old Age (75+)

A
  • Sleep duration: 6 hours
  • REM sleep: 20%
  • NREM sleep: 80%
  • More fragmented sleep
  • Increased night awakenings
  • Increase in prevalence of sleep disorders
  • Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep
52
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

inadequate quantity and/or quality of sleep

53
Q

Full sleep deprivation

A

when an individual has no sleep within a 24-hour period

54
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

when an individual sleeps for some duration within a 24-hour period

55
Q

Causes of partial SD

A

social influences, stress, food, medical conditions, caffeine

56
Q

Affective effects:

A

changes in emotions and emotional responses that arise from sleep deprivation

57
Q

Affective effects EG

A
  • Poor emotional regulation: resulting in amplified emotional responses that are out of proportion (exaggerated) in comparison to normal emotional responses
  • Irritability and moodiness
  • Increase in negative emotions
  • Impaired ability to appropriately respond to situations; thus, people may overreact (emotionally to minor things and experience emotional outbursts
  • Difficulty judging other people’s emotions
58
Q

Behavioural effects

A

refers to the changes in actions and the ability to control them that arise from sleep deprivation, behavioural effects are the observable changes in behaviour

59
Q

Behavioural effects EG

A
  • Sleep inertia (sense of disorientation after waking)
  • Excessive sleepiness during the day
  • Increased likelihood of engaging in risk-taking behaviours
  • Fatigue/lack of energy
  • Slowed reaction time/taking longer to complete tasks
  • Heightened clumsiness, contributing to accidents and injuries
  • Microsleeps (falls asleep for a few seconds without realisation)
60
Q

Cognitive effects

A

refer to the changes in mental processes that arise from sleep deprivation

61
Q

Cognitive effects EG

A
  • Reduced concentration
  • Impairment of short-term memory, diminishing the ability to actively process and mentally manipulate information
  • Lapses in attention
  • Impaired decision-making processes and problem-solving abilities
  • Reduced retention of information; thus, impaired learning and memory processes
  • Irrational and/or illogical thinking
  • More time spent on analysing situations and a greater likelihood of overlooking important details
62
Q

BAC

A
  • Going without sleep for 17 hours is the equivalent of a BAC of 0.05
  • Going without sleep for 24 hours is the equivalent of a BAC of 0.10
63
Q

Sleep disorders

A

disturbances to typical sleep and waking patterns

64
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

sleep disorders that interfere with the typical regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle

65
Q

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS)

A

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the timing of sleep onset and awakening compared with the timing that is desired
* Delay is usually for two or more hours
* Wake times: occur later than typical/Sleep times: occur later than typical
* Becomes a problem when the person is unable to achieve their recommended amount of sleep because they need to wake in the morning for work, school or other commitments

66
Q

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD)

A

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by an advance in the timing of sleep onset and awakening compared to the timing that is desired
* Wake times: occurs earlier than typical/Sleep times: occur earlier than typical
* Becomes a problem when it starts to affect every day functioning, such as daytime sleepiness

67
Q

Shift Work

A

an occupation that involves working at usual hours, such as working overnight, this can mean an individual has to sleep at unusual times, such as during the day, rather than at night

68
Q

Bright Light Therapy

A

a physiological treatment that involves timed exposure to intense, but safe amounts of artificial light

69
Q

Bright light …

A
  • Used to treat circadian phase disorders with the objective of adjusting the sleep-wake pattern so that it is in sync with the external environment and the day-night cycle
  • The individual is exposed to a specific level of light at strategic times of the day to replicate natural conditions
  • Light therapy works to readjust the circadian rhythm so that an individual’s sleep and wake times are more appropriate
70
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

a term used to describe the practices and habits that promote an individuals sleep patterns

71
Q

Sleep hygiene involves; STELCAFT

A
  • Sound: sleeping in a fairly quiet space
  • Time: sleeping and waking at a time that enables an adequate amount of sleep, and sleeping and waking at a consistent time each day
  • Exercise: engaging in exercise early in the day and avoiding exercise close to sleeping time
  • Light: sleeping in a dark space and reducing bright light exposure close to sleeping time
  • Comfort: sleeping in a comfortable space
  • Association with bed: avoiding doing activities other than sleeping in bed (like studying or watching TV)
  • Food and drink consumption: avoid large meals, caffeine, and alcohol before sleeping time
  • Technology/devices: avoiding bright screen use close to sleeping time
72
Q

Sleep Hygiene link to MW

A
  • Mental wellbeing is an individual’s psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions
  • Good sleep hygiene enables individuals to experience good quality sleep of an adequate quantity and sleep is important for mental health
  • Good sleep is likely to reduce the likelihood of mental health problems and promote mental wellbeing
73
Q

Zeitgebers

A

external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm
* Body treats zeitgebers as signals that regulate the circadian rhythm, and they consequently help to promote sleepiness and wakefulness at appropriate times

74
Q

Daylight

A

includes all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime, and is considered the primary zeitgeber for the human circadian rhythm
* Amount of light detected increases -> melatonin production suppressed -> promotes wakefulness
* Amount of light detected decrease -> more melatonin is released -> promoting sleepiness

75
Q

Bluelight

A

is a range of visible light spectrum that is emitted from smartphone screens, computer monitors, televisions, LED and fluorescent light bulbs
* Blue light has the most influence on the circadian rhythm through its powerful inhibition of melatonin
* Exposure to blue light at the wrong times can reduce the quality and quantity of sleep

76
Q

Temperature

A

the degree of external heat in the environment that can influence the quality and quantity of sleep
* The ideal room temperate for sleep onset is 19-21C whereas the ideal skin and bed microclimate is 31-35C for people during sleep

77
Q

Eating and Drinking Patterns

A

refers to what, when, and how much food and drink is consumed by an individual, our eating and drinking patterns are considered zeitgeber because they can impact the quality and quantity of out sleep

78
Q
A

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