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Chemistry Unit 3/4 > Unit 4 AoS 2 - Food, Vitamins and Proteins > Flashcards

Unit 4 AoS 2 - Food, Vitamins and Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What roles does Protein serve in the body?

A

As antibodies, form new molecules, as hormones, transmit signals between cells, and provide structural components to cells.

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2
Q

Why do animals depend on plants to make proteins?

A

Because animals cant create their own proteins directly from inorganic starting materials. Hence need plants to supply the the organic compounds needed to make them in the human body

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3
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomers that make proteins consisting of the amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, a hydrogen atom and R group (individual side chain). They have a chiral carbon in the centre.

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4
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that cannot be synthesied by animals from other materials in their diets and must be supplied directly. Humans have 9.

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5
Q

how are zwitterions formed?

A

Formed from amino acids when the weakly acidic proton of the carboxyl group easily transfers to the amino group. In neutral pH, amino acids exist almost completely as zwitterions.
(NH2 -> NH3+) (COOH -> COO-)

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6
Q

What can zwitterions gain or lose?

A

H+ ions, gaining or losing them depending on the solution’s pH.

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7
Q

How does a zwitterion change in an acidic solution?

A

With increased concentrations of H+ ions, the carboxyl group combines with more H+ ions. (-COO- -> -COOH) (NH3+)

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8
Q

How does a zwitterion change in a basic solution?

A

With a decrease of H+ ions, the amine group loses the third H+ to become NH2, the carboxylic group loses the H+ to become COO-

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9
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

The basic sequence of amino acids that form a straight chain

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10
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonding between the amine and carboxylic acid functional group forms pleats and twists as they form peptide links

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11
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Intermolecular bonding (Hydrogen, dipole-dipole, dispursion) and disulfide bridge interactions causes folding

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12
Q

What is the quarternay structure of proteins?

A

Interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits (multiple tertiary structure proteins)

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12
Q

What is the quarternay structure of proteins?

A

Interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits (multiple tertiary structure proteins)

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13
Q

How are protein chains created?

A

Through condensation reaction between the -OH of the carboxylic acid and the H of the amine group joining the two amino acids and forming water. Called the peptide link/bond

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14
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that lower activation energy of reactions and remain unchanged afterwards

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15
Q

Why are there so many enzyme?

A

Each enzyme has a unique active site specialised to spped up a specific reaction within the body. Hence, many are needed to account for and speed up the thousands of reactions within the body

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16
Q

What can the active site do for the substrate?

A

It can change slightly to accommodate for its shape

17
Q

What is a co-enzymee

A

A co-factor that joins the enzyme’s active site before the substrate to make it fit. They act as carriers of electrons or specific groups of atoms

18
Q

What is denaturing?

A

The change of shape in a protein, usually causing loss of function

19
Q

How does pH cause denaturing in proteins?

A

The abundance or lack of disrupts the uptake and release of protons, changing attractions, and causing them to unfold

20
Q

How does temperature cause denaturing in proteins?

A

provides energy that break bonds within the protein, denaturing them.

21
Q

What is substrate saturation?

A

When all active sites have a subtrate and no further reaction can occur until dissociation of enzyme-substrate complex occurs.

22
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are good energy storage molecules due to C-H bonds.

23
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars that are typically glucose (C6H12O6), and are not broken down during digestion

24
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monossacharides linked together through condensation reaction. Forms a ether bond/link

25
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Long chains of sugars, they are non-chrystalline and are generally insoluable and tasteless

26
Q

What is the polysaccharide Starch?

A

Made of amylose and amylopectin, and is loosly branched

27
Q

What is the polysaccharide Glycogen?

A

Highly branched and is readil avaialble to react and release enrgy during respiration.

28
Q

What is the polysaccharide Cellulose?

A

Main structural component of plant cell walls, and is also known as fibre. It not digested but helps with it.

29
Q

What are lipids?

A

A group of molecules that are insoluable in water, and are also known as fats/oils

30
Q

What types of lipids are there?

A

Tryglycerides and fatty acids

31
Q

What are tryglycerides?

A

A lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids

32
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long-chain carboxylic acids that can be saturated, monosaturated, and polysaturated

33
Q

Why are saturated fats solid and unsaturated fats liquid at room temp?

A

Because saturated fats dont have a double bond, allowing them to be packed closely together and have strong IMF. Liquid fats/oils do have double bonds which cause a kink in the chain, and become loosly packed.

34
Q

What classifies an omega-3/6 fatty acid?

A

WHere the double bond is in the fatty acid, how many carbons away from the glycerol/carboxylic acid

35
Q

What is oxidation in lipids?

A

When they react with air in the presence of light

36
Q

Why do unsaturated fats become rancid more quickly?

A

Because their C=C is more reactive and more readily raects with oxygen

37
Q

What bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acid?

A

Ester link

38
Q

What reaction braks these macronutrients down?

A

Hydrolosis, the addition of water.

39
Q

What makes a vitamin soluable in water?

A

An abundance of -OH (hydroxyl) groups that allow for hydrogen bonding with water.

40
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

41
Q

What is the respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Chemistry Unit 3/4 (4 decks)

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