Unit 4 AoS 1 - Organic Nomenclature and Reaction Pathways Flashcards
How do you name organic compounds that branch?
After identifying the longest C chain, number them so that the branch is on the lowest number. Identify the no. of C on the branch and add the prefix -yl before writing the name of the actual chain.
What is a structural isomer?
Where the molecular formular is the same but the structure is different
What are functional groups?
An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical nature of the compound
What are haloalkanes?
A hydrogen is replaced with a halogen (row 17)
What are the suffixes of haloalkanes?
Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo
What are alcohols?
When a Hydroxyl group (-OH) group is included within the hydrocarbon
What is the suffix of alcohols?
- ol
What is a primary alcohol?
The C-OH is attatched to only on other carbon
What is a secondary alcohol?
The C-OH is attatched to two other carbons
What is a tertiary alcohol?
The C-OH is attatched to three other carbons
What are aldehydes?
Contains a carbonyl (C=O) at the end of the C-chain
What is the suffix of aldehydes?
-al
What are ketones?
Contains a carbonyl (C=O) within the c-chain
What is the suffix for ketones?
-one
What are carboxylic acids?
Contains carboxyl group (COOH) and are weak acids
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
What are esters?
Compounds formed when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react together
What are the suffixes for esters?
The alcohol has the suffix -yl, the acid has the suffix -oate
What is produced during the formation of an ester?
Water (H2O)
What are amines?
Contain NH2
What is the suffix for amines?
-amine
What are amides?
Contain -CONH2 (NH2-C=O)
What is the suffix for amides?
-amide
What is the equation for atom economy?
(Molar mass of desired product/molar mass of all reactants) x 100
What is chirality?
An object that is non-superimposable on it’s mirror image (not symmetrical)
What are enantiomers?
Moleculars that are chiral
What are stereoisomers?
They have three-dimensional arrangement
What is a chiral carbon?
A carbon with 4 different groups attatched
What is spectroscopy?
The study of radiation absorbed or emitted by matter
What is spectrometry?
Measuring the amount of light absorbed or emitted
What is a spectrometer?
THe instrument used for viewing the results of matter and effects of EMR
What is the basis of spectroscopy?
That molecules can move to higher electronic, vibrational, rotational and transitional energy levels
What is infra-red spectroscopy?
Uses infa-red light and examines a molecules bonds as they bend and stretch from infra-red light absorbtio, as each unique bond and atom combo absorb and move to an excited state at certain amount
What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS)?
USes the interaction between matter in a magnetic field and EMR. Identifies unique chemical environments for Hydrogen or Carbon
How are peaks created in 1H NMR Spectrums?
The n+1 rule, n= how many hydrogens on neighbouring carbons
What is the combustion reaction of alkanes?
When alkanes react with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
What is the substitution reaction of alkanes?
A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen to from a Haloalkane and HX with X2 and UV
RH + Cl2 -> RCl + HCl
What is the addition reaction of alkenes?
Addition of a small molecule by breaking the double bond to produce a alkane or haloalkane with X2 or H2 called ‘hydrogenation’
C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2
To from an alcohol, H2O and the catalyst H3PO3 must me added
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H4OH
How does a haloalkane become an alcohol?
With water and the catalyst KOH
C2H5Cl + H2O -> C2H5OH + H+ + Cl-
How does a haloalkane become an amine?
They react ammonia
RCl +NH3 -> RNH2 + HCl
What is the substitution reaction of alcohols?
Will react with ammonia and catalyst Al2O3 to become an amine
CH3CH2OH + NH3 -> CH3CH2NH2 + H2O
Through dehydration will beome an aklene
CH3CH2OH -> CH2CH2 + H2O
What is the oxidation reaction of alcohols?
Primary alcohols will react with H+ and catalyst MnO4/Cr2O7 2- to form carboxylic acids, once becoming aldegydes
CH3CH2OH -> CH3CHO -> CH3COOH
Secondary alcohols will ract with H+ and catalyst K2CrO7 to form ketones
CH3CHOHCH3 -> CH3COCH3
What is the dehydration reaction of alcohols?
When reacting with carboxylic acids they will form esters with catalyst H2SO4
CHOOH + CH3OH -> CHOOCH3 + H2O
How do carboxylic acids become amides?
They react together and join, with the alcohol on the carboxylic acid and a H+ on the amine forming water and the bond
What is chromatography?
The range of techniques employed to seperate, identify and quantify components of a mixture
What is the mobile phase?
Moves over or through the stationary phase
How does chromatography seperate mixtures?
It occurs when the components adsorb (stick) to the stationary phase with different strengths due to polarity
What is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?
Has a stationary phase of a solid within a column with a mobile phase solvent that is pumped through at high pressures.
