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Chemistry Unit 3/4 > Unit 4 AoS 1 - Organic Nomenclature and Reaction Pathways > Flashcards

Unit 4 AoS 1 - Organic Nomenclature and Reaction Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How do you name organic compounds that branch?

A

After identifying the longest C chain, number them so that the branch is on the lowest number. Identify the no. of C on the branch and add the prefix -yl before writing the name of the actual chain.

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2
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Where the molecular formular is the same but the structure is different

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3
Q

What are functional groups?

A

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical nature of the compound

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4
Q

What are haloalkanes?

A

A hydrogen is replaced with a halogen (row 17)

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5
Q

What are the suffixes of haloalkanes?

A

Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo

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6
Q

What are alcohols?

A

When a Hydroxyl group (-OH) group is included within the hydrocarbon

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7
Q

What is the suffix of alcohols?

A
  • ol
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8
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

The C-OH is attatched to only on other carbon

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9
Q

What is a secondary alcohol?

A

The C-OH is attatched to two other carbons

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10
Q

What is a tertiary alcohol?

A

The C-OH is attatched to three other carbons

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11
Q

What are aldehydes?

A

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) at the end of the C-chain

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12
Q

What is the suffix of aldehydes?

A

-al

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13
Q

What are ketones?

A

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) within the c-chain

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14
Q

What is the suffix for ketones?

A

-one

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15
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Contains carboxyl group (COOH) and are weak acids

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16
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

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17
Q

What are esters?

A

Compounds formed when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react together

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18
Q

What are the suffixes for esters?

A

The alcohol has the suffix -yl, the acid has the suffix -oate

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19
Q

What is produced during the formation of an ester?

A

Water (H2O)

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20
Q

What are amines?

A

Contain NH2

21
Q

What is the suffix for amines?

A

-amine

22
Q

What are amides?

A

Contain -CONH2 (NH2-C=O)

23
Q

What is the suffix for amides?

A

-amide

24
Q

What is the equation for atom economy?

A

(Molar mass of desired product/molar mass of all reactants) x 100

25
Q

What is chirality?

A

An object that is non-superimposable on it’s mirror image (not symmetrical)

26
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Moleculars that are chiral

27
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

They have three-dimensional arrangement

28
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A carbon with 4 different groups attatched

29
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

The study of radiation absorbed or emitted by matter

30
Q

What is spectrometry?

A

Measuring the amount of light absorbed or emitted

31
Q

What is a spectrometer?

A

THe instrument used for viewing the results of matter and effects of EMR

32
Q

What is the basis of spectroscopy?

A

That molecules can move to higher electronic, vibrational, rotational and transitional energy levels

33
Q

What is infra-red spectroscopy?

A

Uses infa-red light and examines a molecules bonds as they bend and stretch from infra-red light absorbtio, as each unique bond and atom combo absorb and move to an excited state at certain amount

34
Q

What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS)?

A

USes the interaction between matter in a magnetic field and EMR. Identifies unique chemical environments for Hydrogen or Carbon

35
Q

How are peaks created in 1H NMR Spectrums?

A

The n+1 rule, n= how many hydrogens on neighbouring carbons

36
Q

What is the combustion reaction of alkanes?

A

When alkanes react with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

37
Q

What is the substitution reaction of alkanes?

A

A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen to from a Haloalkane and HX with X2 and UV
RH + Cl2 -> RCl + HCl

38
Q

What is the addition reaction of alkenes?

A

Addition of a small molecule by breaking the double bond to produce a alkane or haloalkane with X2 or H2 called ‘hydrogenation’
C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2
To from an alcohol, H2O and the catalyst H3PO3 must me added
C2H4 + H2O -> C2H4OH

39
Q

How does a haloalkane become an alcohol?

A

With water and the catalyst KOH
C2H5Cl + H2O -> C2H5OH + H+ + Cl-

40
Q

How does a haloalkane become an amine?

A

They react ammonia
RCl +NH3 -> RNH2 + HCl

41
Q

What is the substitution reaction of alcohols?

A

Will react with ammonia and catalyst Al2O3 to become an amine
CH3CH2OH + NH3 -> CH3CH2NH2 + H2O
Through dehydration will beome an aklene
CH3CH2OH -> CH2CH2 + H2O

42
Q

What is the oxidation reaction of alcohols?

A

Primary alcohols will react with H+ and catalyst MnO4/Cr2O7 2- to form carboxylic acids, once becoming aldegydes
CH3CH2OH -> CH3CHO -> CH3COOH
Secondary alcohols will ract with H+ and catalyst K2CrO7 to form ketones
CH3CHOHCH3 -> CH3COCH3

43
Q

What is the dehydration reaction of alcohols?

A

When reacting with carboxylic acids they will form esters with catalyst H2SO4
CHOOH + CH3OH -> CHOOCH3 + H2O

44
Q

How do carboxylic acids become amides?

A

They react together and join, with the alcohol on the carboxylic acid and a H+ on the amine forming water and the bond

45
Q

What is chromatography?

A

The range of techniques employed to seperate, identify and quantify components of a mixture

46
Q

What is the mobile phase?

A

Moves over or through the stationary phase

47
Q

How does chromatography seperate mixtures?

A

It occurs when the components adsorb (stick) to the stationary phase with different strengths due to polarity

48
Q

What is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?

A

Has a stationary phase of a solid within a column with a mobile phase solvent that is pumped through at high pressures.

Chemistry Unit 3/4 (4 decks)

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