Unit 4 AoS 1 - Organic Nomenclature and Reaction Pathways Flashcards by Missymoo Gabs

How do you name organic compounds that branch?

After identifying the longest C chain, number them so that the branch is on the lowest number. Identify the no. of C on the branch and add the prefix -yl before writing the name of the actual chain.

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What is a structural isomer?

Where the molecular formular is the same but the structure is different

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What are functional groups?

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical nature of the compound

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What are haloalkanes?

A hydrogen is replaced with a halogen (row 17)

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What are the suffixes of haloalkanes?

Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo

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What are alcohols?

When a Hydroxyl group (-OH) group is included within the hydrocarbon

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What is the suffix of alcohols?

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What is a primary alcohol?

The C-OH is attatched to only on other carbon

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What is a secondary alcohol?

The C-OH is attatched to two other carbons

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What is a tertiary alcohol?

The C-OH is attatched to three other carbons

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What are aldehydes?

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) at the end of the C-chain

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What is the suffix of aldehydes?

-al

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What are ketones?

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) within the c-chain

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What is the suffix for ketones?

-one

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What are carboxylic acids?

Contains carboxyl group (COOH) and are weak acids

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What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

-oic acid

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What are esters?

Compounds formed when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react together

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What are the suffixes for esters?

The alcohol has the suffix -yl, the acid has the suffix -oate

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What is produced during the formation of an ester?

Water (H2O)

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What are amines?

Contain NH2

What is the suffix for amines?

-amine

What are amides?

Contain -CONH2 (NH2-C=O)

What is the suffix for amides?

-amide

What is the equation for atom economy?

(Molar mass of desired product/molar mass of all reactants) x 100

What is chirality?

An object that is non-superimposable on it's mirror image (not symmetrical)

What are enantiomers?

Moleculars that are chiral

What are stereoisomers?

They have three-dimensional arrangement

What is a chiral carbon?

A carbon with 4 different groups attatched

What is spectroscopy?

The study of radiation absorbed or emitted by matter

What is spectrometry?

Measuring the amount of light absorbed or emitted

What is a spectrometer?

THe instrument used for viewing the results of matter and effects of EMR

What is the basis of spectroscopy?

That molecules can move to higher electronic, vibrational, rotational and transitional energy levels

What is infra-red spectroscopy?

Uses infa-red light and examines a molecules bonds as they bend and stretch from infra-red light absorbtio, as each unique bond and atom combo absorb and move to an excited state at certain amount

What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS)?

USes the interaction between matter in a magnetic field and EMR. Identifies unique chemical environments for Hydrogen or Carbon

How are peaks created in 1H NMR Spectrums?

The n+1 rule, n= how many hydrogens on neighbouring carbons

What is the combustion reaction of alkanes?

When alkanes react with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

What is the substitution reaction of alkanes?

A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen to from a Haloalkane and HX with X2 and UV RH + Cl2 -> RCl + HCl

What is the addition reaction of alkenes?

Addition of a small molecule by breaking the double bond to produce a alkane or haloalkane with X2 or H2 called 'hydrogenation' C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2 To from an alcohol, H2O and the catalyst H3PO3 must me added C2H4 + H2O -> C2H4OH

How does a haloalkane become an alcohol?

With water and the catalyst KOH C2H5Cl + H2O -> C2H5OH + H+ + Cl-

How does a haloalkane become an amine?

They react ammonia RCl +NH3 -> RNH2 + HCl

What is the substitution reaction of alcohols?

Will react with ammonia and catalyst Al2O3 to become an amine CH3CH2OH + NH3 -> CH3CH2NH2 + H2O Through dehydration will beome an aklene CH3CH2OH -> CH2CH2 + H2O

What is the oxidation reaction of alcohols?

Primary alcohols will react with H+ and catalyst MnO4/Cr2O7 2- to form carboxylic acids, once becoming aldegydes CH3CH2OH -> CH3CHO -> CH3COOH Secondary alcohols will ract with H+ and catalyst K2CrO7 to form ketones CH3CHOHCH3 -> CH3COCH3

What is the dehydration reaction of alcohols?

When reacting with carboxylic acids they will form esters with catalyst H2SO4 CHOOH + CH3OH -> CHOOCH3 + H2O

How do carboxylic acids become amides?

They react together and join, with the alcohol on the carboxylic acid and a H+ on the amine forming water and the bond

What is chromatography?

The range of techniques employed to seperate, identify and quantify components of a mixture

What is the mobile phase?

Moves over or through the stationary phase

How does chromatography seperate mixtures?

It occurs when the components adsorb (stick) to the stationary phase with different strengths due to polarity

What is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?

Has a stationary phase of a solid within a column with a mobile phase solvent that is pumped through at high pressures.