Unit 4 AoS 1 - Organic Nomenclature and Reaction Pathways

Question 1

How do you name organic compounds that branch?

Answer 1

After identifying the longest C chain, number them so that the branch is on the lowest number. Identify the no. of C on the branch and add the prefix -yl before writing the name of the actual chain.

Question 2

What is a structural isomer?

Answer 2

Where the molecular formular is the same but the structure is different

Question 3

What are functional groups?

Answer 3

An atom or group of atoms that determine the chemical nature of the compound

Question 4

What are haloalkanes?

Answer 4

A hydrogen is replaced with a halogen (row 17)

Question 5

What are the suffixes of haloalkanes?

Answer 5

Fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo

Question 6

What are alcohols?

Answer 6

When a Hydroxyl group (-OH) group is included within the hydrocarbon

Question 7

What is the suffix of alcohols?

Answer 7

• ol

Question 8

What is a primary alcohol?

Answer 8

The C-OH is attatched to only on other carbon

Question 9

What is a secondary alcohol?

Answer 9

The C-OH is attatched to two other carbons

Question 10

What is a tertiary alcohol?

Answer 10

The C-OH is attatched to three other carbons

Question 11

What are aldehydes?

Answer 11

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) at the end of the C-chain

Question 12

What is the suffix of aldehydes?

Answer 12

-al

Question 13

What are ketones?

Answer 13

Contains a carbonyl (C=O) within the c-chain

Question 14

What is the suffix for ketones?

Answer 14

-one

Question 15

What are carboxylic acids?

Answer 15

Contains carboxyl group (COOH) and are weak acids

Question 16

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

Answer 16

-oic acid

Question 17

What are esters?

Answer 17

Compounds formed when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react together

Question 18

What are the suffixes for esters?

Answer 18

The alcohol has the suffix -yl, the acid has the suffix -oate

Question 19

What is produced during the formation of an ester?

Answer 19

Water (H2O)

Question 20

What are amines?

Answer 20

Contain NH2

Question 21

What is the suffix for amines?

Answer 21

-amine

Question 22

What are amides?

Answer 22

Contain -CONH2 (NH2-C=O)

Question 23

What is the suffix for amides?

Answer 23

-amide

Question 24

What is the equation for atom economy?

Answer 24

(Molar mass of desired product/molar mass of all reactants) x 100

Question 25

What is chirality?

Answer 25

An object that is non-superimposable on it's mirror image (not symmetrical)

Question 26

What are enantiomers?

Answer 26

Moleculars that are chiral

Question 27

What are stereoisomers?

Answer 27

They have three-dimensional arrangement

Question 28

What is a chiral carbon?

Answer 28

A carbon with 4 different groups attatched

Question 29

What is spectroscopy?

Answer 29

The study of radiation absorbed or emitted by matter

Question 30

What is spectrometry?

Answer 30

Measuring the amount of light absorbed or emitted

Question 31

What is a spectrometer?

Answer 31

THe instrument used for viewing the results of matter and effects of EMR

Question 32

What is the basis of spectroscopy?

Answer 32

That molecules can move to higher electronic, vibrational, rotational and transitional energy levels

Question 33

What is infra-red spectroscopy?

Answer 33

Uses infa-red light and examines a molecules bonds as they bend and stretch from infra-red light absorbtio, as each unique bond and atom combo absorb and move to an excited state at certain amount

Question 34

What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS)?

Answer 34

USes the interaction between matter in a magnetic field and EMR. Identifies unique chemical environments for Hydrogen or Carbon

Question 35

How are peaks created in 1H NMR Spectrums?

Answer 35

The n+1 rule, n= how many hydrogens on neighbouring carbons

Question 36

What is the combustion reaction of alkanes?

Answer 36

When alkanes react with O2 to produce CO2 and H2O CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

Question 37

What is the substitution reaction of alkanes?

Answer 37

A hydrogen is replaced by a halogen to from a Haloalkane and HX with X2 and UV RH + Cl2 -> RCl + HCl

Question 38

What is the addition reaction of alkenes?

Answer 38

Addition of a small molecule by breaking the double bond to produce a alkane or haloalkane with X2 or H2 called 'hydrogenation' C2H4 + Br2 -> C2H4Br2 To from an alcohol, H2O and the catalyst H3PO3 must me added C2H4 + H2O -> C2H4OH

Question 39

How does a haloalkane become an alcohol?

Answer 39

With water and the catalyst KOH C2H5Cl + H2O -> C2H5OH + H+ + Cl-

Question 40

How does a haloalkane become an amine?

Answer 40

They react ammonia RCl +NH3 -> RNH2 + HCl

Question 41

What is the substitution reaction of alcohols?

Answer 41

Will react with ammonia and catalyst Al2O3 to become an amine CH3CH2OH + NH3 -> CH3CH2NH2 + H2O Through dehydration will beome an aklene CH3CH2OH -> CH2CH2 + H2O

Question 42

What is the oxidation reaction of alcohols?

Answer 42

Primary alcohols will react with H+ and catalyst MnO4/Cr2O7 2- to form carboxylic acids, once becoming aldegydes CH3CH2OH -> CH3CHO -> CH3COOH Secondary alcohols will ract with H+ and catalyst K2CrO7 to form ketones CH3CHOHCH3 -> CH3COCH3

Question 43

What is the dehydration reaction of alcohols?

Answer 43

When reacting with carboxylic acids they will form esters with catalyst H2SO4 CHOOH + CH3OH -> CHOOCH3 + H2O

Question 44

How do carboxylic acids become amides?

Answer 44

They react together and join, with the alcohol on the carboxylic acid and a H+ on the amine forming water and the bond

Question 45

What is chromatography?

Answer 45

The range of techniques employed to seperate, identify and quantify components of a mixture

Question 46

What is the mobile phase?

Answer 46

Moves over or through the stationary phase

Question 47

How does chromatography seperate mixtures?

Answer 47

It occurs when the components adsorb (stick) to the stationary phase with different strengths due to polarity

Question 48

What is High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)?

Answer 48

Has a stationary phase of a solid within a column with a mobile phase solvent that is pumped through at high pressures.