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Biology > Unit 4 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or false

Everyone has two copies of each gene

A

True

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2
Q

One form of a gene

A

Allele

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3
Q

The observable characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

What makes up a phenotype?

A

Genotype + environment

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5
Q

The section of DNA that codes for a protein (to give a trait)

A

Genes

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6
Q

The combination of alleles for a gene

A

Genotype

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7
Q

The entire set of an individuals genes

A

Genome

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8
Q

A pair of chromosomes that have genes in the same locations

A

Homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

Requires only one allele to show in the phenotype, represented by a capital letter

A

Dominant trait

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10
Q

Requires two alleles to show in the phenotype, represented by a lower case letter

A

Recessive trait

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11
Q

The information in a gene used to synthesize protein

A

Gene expression

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12
Q

A group of organisms of the same species living within the same geographical area at the same time

A

Population

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13
Q

Things that change the phenotype in a population

A

Polygenes
Sexual reproduction
Mutations
Biochemical
Physiological influences
Developmental stages
Behaviour
Monomorphic variation
Polymorphic variation

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14
Q

Polygenes

A

Many genes contributing to a trait

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15
Q

Many genes contributing to a trait

A

Polygenes

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16
Q

Causes the recombination of alleles

A

Sexual reproduction

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17
Q

_________ produce new alleles

A

Mutations

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18
Q

Acidic soils (low pH) = blue flowers. Alkaline soils (high pH) = pink flowers

What is this an example of?

A

Biochemical influences

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19
Q

The arctic fox makes many physiological changes depending on the season

What is this an example of?

A

Physiological influences

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20
Q

An adult python is green, whereas a juvenile python is yellow

What is this an example of?

A

Developmental stages

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21
Q

Genes of two chromosomes that switch during meiosis and decides the alleles of the offspring

A

Crossing over

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22
Q

The annual migration of red crabs on Christmas Island changes the population

What is this an example of?

A

Behaviour

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23
Q

When members of a population may show no variation of an observable trait

A

Monomorphic variation

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24
Q

When there are two or more variations for an observable trait

A

Polymorphic variation

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25
Q

The complete set of alleles carried by all the individuals in a population

A

Gene pool

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26
Q

The sum of all variation in a population (includes all the possible alleles present)

A

Gene pool

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27
Q

______ ___________ can represent the gene pool

A

Allele frequencies

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28
Q

All the genetic information (the base pairs) found in one complete set of an organism’s genetic material

A

Genome

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29
Q

How frequent an allele occurs in a population

A

Allele frequency

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30
Q

What causes allele frequencies to change

A

Mutations as a source of new alleles

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31
Q

Different types of mutations

A

Environmental selection pressures
Gene flow (migration and inter-breeding
Genetic drift (bottleneck & founder effect)

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32
Q

The permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism, resulting in changes to proteins

A

Mutations

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33
Q

Mistakes in DNA replication can cause _________

A

Mutations

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34
Q

Two types of causes to mutations

A

Spontaneous
Induced

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35
Q

What is spontaneous mutation

A

Naturally occurring and random

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36
Q

What is induced mutation

A

Exposure to mutagenic agents

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37
Q

What will happen if the repair of mutations cannot be made

A

Cells will undergo apoptosis

38
Q

What will happen if there is a large exposure to a mutagen

A

The body will be unable to repair all the damage

39
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Basic building block of DNA/RNA composed of a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

40
Q

Types of genetic mutations

A

Point mutations
Block mutations
Chromosome number mutations

41
Q

A mutation that affects a single nucleotide in the sequence of a gene

A

A point mutation

42
Q

Two different types of point mutations

A

Substitution mutations
Frameshift mutations

43
Q

A mutation that occur when a single nucleotide in either DNA or RNA is exchanged for another

A

Substitution mutation

44
Q

Three different types of substitution mutations

A

Silent mutations
Missense mutations
Nonsense mutations

45
Q

Mutations caused by the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide which alters the entire sequence of amino acids from the point of mutation onwards

A

Frameshift mutations

46
Q

A mutation that changes a segment of a chromosome leading to large scale changes to the DNA of an organism. May result in a number of genes may be moved around. Includes; inversion, deletion, duplication and translocation

A

Block mutations

47
Q

What mutation occurs during crossing over

A

Block mutations

48
Q

When does block mutation occur in meiosis

A

During crossing over

49
Q

The four types of block mutations

A

Inversion
Deletion
Duplication
Translocation

50
Q

Inversion (block mutation)

A

Reversal of a section of DNA (causes a block of genes to be inverted)

51
Q

Deletion (block mutation)

A

Removal of a section of DNA

52
Q

Duplication (block mutation)

A

Replication of a section of DNA (lengthening of DNA)

53
Q

Translocation (block mutation)

A

Switching of two sections of DNA on different chromosomes

54
Q

Changes to the number of specific chromosomes (missing/extra)

A

Aneuploidy

55
Q

Changes to the numbers of whole sets of chromosomes (e.g. common in plants, frogs, salamanders & leeches)

A

Polyploidy

56
Q

Failure in anaphase I and/or II of meiosis

Results in gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)

A

Non-disjunction

57
Q

Difference between aneuploidy and polyploidy

A

Aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereaspolyploidy refers to a numerical change in the wholeset of chromosomes

58
Q

Giant strawberries are an example of selective breeding for __________

A

Polyploidy

59
Q

Can result in immediate speciation (new species)

A

Polyploidy

60
Q

“Survival of the fittest!”

A

Natural selection

61
Q

What is ‘fitness’ in biology

A

A measure of reproductive success

62
Q

Individuals which are more adapted to a particular environment and so are able to survive, reproduce and make a greater contribution to the gene pool of the next generation, they are ____________ ______

A

biologically fitter

63
Q

The process of natural selection

A

Variation in the population
The individuals whose phenotype is not suited to the environment die (selected against)
Those individuals most suited to their environment survive (selected for)
The survivors have offspring
Offspring look like parents
Allelic frequency changes

64
Q

Four conditions of natural selection

A

Variation
Selection pressure
Selection advantage
Heritability

65
Q

Variation

A

Individuals in a population that vary genetically, which leads to phenotypic differences

66
Q

Individuals in a population that vary genetically, which leads to phenotypic differences

A

Variation

67
Q

Selection pressure

A

Environmental factors that impact the survivability of an organism within a population and their ability to reproduce

68
Q

Environmental factors that impact the survivability of an organism within a population and their ability to reproduce

A

Selection pressure

69
Q

Selection advantage

A

Individuals with phenotypes that are fitter or more advantageous under the environmental selection pressure

70
Q

Individuals with phenotypes that are fitter or more advantageous under the environmental selection pressure

A

Selection advantage

71
Q

Heritability

A

A heritable advantageous trait, allowing it to be passed on from the parents to the offspring and therefore increase frequency of the advantageous allele

72
Q

A heritable advantageous trait, allowing it to be passed on from the parents to the offspring and therefore increase frequency of the advantageous allele

A

Heritability

73
Q

Characteristics of primates

A

Sexually dimorphic
Live in social groups
Large forward-facing eyes
Large brain = intelligence
Opposable thumbs
Flat fingernails
Sensitive fingertips

74
Q

What is sexual dimorphism

A

A difference in features between males and females

75
Q

Homonoid

A

Human-like

76
Q

True or false
Apes have tails

A

False

77
Q

What comprises in the Strepsirrhini suborder

A

Lemurs
Lorises

78
Q

What comprises in the Haplorrhini suborder

A

Tarsiers
New world monkeys
Old world monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans

79
Q

What comprises in the monkey superfamily

A

New world monkeys
Old world monkeys

80
Q

What comprises in the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily

A

Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans

81
Q

What comprises in the Hominidae ( great apes) family

A

Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Humans

82
Q

True or false
Gibbons are in the Hylobatidae subfamily

A

True

83
Q

What comprises in the Hominini tribe

A

Humans and our extinct upright walking human ancestors (e.g. australopithecus, paranthropus, kenyanthropus, sahelanthroupus and anything else in the genus homo)

84
Q

True or false
In Australia, a chimp is a hominid, NOT a hominin

A

True

85
Q

What are hominoids

A

Apes but not monkeys, tarsiers or lemurs

86
Q

What are hominids

A

Great apes but not other apes such as gibbons

87
Q

What is selective breeding/artificial selection

A

Mating individuals with traits that are desirable to cause a change in the allele frequencies of the population and steer evolution

Similar to natural selection, although the selecting agent is a person and is instead artificial as opposed to natural

88
Q

Causes of natural selection

A

Predator
Disease
Shortage of food

89
Q

Define artifical

A

Made or produced by human cleverness or ingenuity rather than naturally occurring

90
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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