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Biology Units 3 & 4 > Unit 4 AOS 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 1 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define adaptive immune response

A

An immune response directed against a specific antigen; it retains memory of that antigen so that, on subsequent exposure to the same antigen, it responds with a secondary response

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2
Q

Define allergen

A

An antigen that is normally innocuous but can sometimes cause an over-reaction from the immune system known as an allergy

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3
Q

Define allergy

A

An immune response characterised by IgE production to an innocuous substance

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4
Q

Define anaphylactic shock

A

A severe allergic reaction that causes widespread swelling, including of the face and neck, which can lead to difficulty breathing and a life-threatening reaction

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5
Q

Define antibiotic

A

A naturally or synthetically produced compound that is toxic to bacteria

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6
Q

Define antigen

A

A large molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that generates an immune response

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7
Q

Define apoptosis

A

A programmed series of events that lead to cell death as a result of dismantling of the internal contents of the cells by various enzymes, including capases

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8
Q

Define bacteria

A

Unnicellular prokaryotes that can be pathogenic and therefore carry diesease

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9
Q

Define bacterial capsule

A

A polysaccharide layer surrounding some bacteria that makes them resistant to phagocytosis and thus more virulent

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10
Q

Define cellular pathogen

A

A disease-causing pathogen that is made up of one or more living cells such as bacteria or fungi

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11
Q

Define chemokine

A

A type of cytokine that induces chemotaxis

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12
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

The movement of an organism or a cell along a chemical concentration gradient either towards or away from a cytokine

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13
Q

Define cilia

A

Slender hair-like structures projecting from a cell surface that beat against fluid

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14
Q

Define companion plant

A

A plant that is grown with another plant because one species improves the growth of another

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15
Q

Define complement

A

A number of small proteins found the blood that, when activated, promote chemotaxis, cell lysis and phagocytosis

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16
Q

Define cytokine

A

A signalling molecule that coordinates inflammation and immune responses and that leukocytes use to communicate with one another; includes interleukins and interferons

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17
Q

Define defensin

A

A type of small antimicrobial peptide secreted by nearly all plants and animals

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18
Q

Define degranulation

A

A cellular process in which the granules of neutrophils, mast cells, basophils or eosinophils are emptied into extracellular surroundings

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19
Q

Define dendritic cell

A

A phagocyte with membranous extensions that engulf pathogens, process them and present them to other cells of the immune system

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20
Q

Define desensitisation

A

A treatment to make a person more tolerant to a substance to which they are allergic

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21
Q

Define disease

A

Any condition that interferes with how an organism, or any part of it, funtions

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22
Q

Define eosinophil

A

A leukocyte that secretes powerful enzymes capable of rupturing multicellular organisms

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23
Q

Define first line of defence

A

Physical and chemical barriers that keep pathogens from entering the body of a living thing

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24
Q

Define flagellum

A

A helical filament that rotates to give bacteria locomotion

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25
Q

Define fungi

A

A heterophobic organism made up of one or many cells; has cell walls but is not a plant

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26
Q

Define granulocyte

A

A white blood cell that has granules in the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Define histamine

A

A chemical released by mast cells and basophils that increases blood flow and the permeability of capillaries

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28
Q

Define host

A

THe organism in which a parasite lives

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29
Q

Define immune system

A

A complex network of cells, tissues and organs in the body that detect differences between self-molecules and foreign (non-self) organisms, and mounts an immune response that results in the formation of memory lymphocytes

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30
Q

Define immune tolerance

A

Tolerance of the presence of an antigen by the immune system so it does not mount an immune response to the antigen

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31
Q

Define infectious disease

A

A disorder caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms, that can often be transmitted to other members of a population

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32
Q

Define inflammation

A

An innate response to infection or damage that causes pain, swelling, heat and redness

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33
Q

Define innate immune response

A

A response to a pathogen that is not specific to the antigen, only that it has been identified as being non-self; the response does not generate antibodies memory lymphocytes

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34
Q

Define interferon

A

A type of cytokine produced by the cells of the immune system in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumour cells

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35
Q

Define keratin

A

The tough, fibrous protein of the outer epidermis layer

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36
Q

Define leukocyte

A

The general term for white blood cell

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37
Q

Define lymphocyte

A

A type of leukocyte involved in adaptive immune system

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38
Q

Define lysis

A

The process of cell bursting

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39
Q

Define lysozyme

A

An antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva and other body fluids

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40
Q

Define macrophage

A

A large white blood cell that phagocytoses pathogens, originates as monocytes in circulation

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41
Q

Define mast cell

A

A cell that is located in the tissues and releases granules containing histamines when activated

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42
Q

Define microbiome

A

The bateria, viruses and fungi that live in the gut plus their released metabolites and nucleic acids that exist in a specific environment

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43
Q

Define microbiota

A

A community of micro-organisms, including fungi and bacteria, that live in or on another organism

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44
Q

Define microflora

A

A community of micro-organisms, including fungi and bacteria, that live in or on another organism

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45
Q

Define monocyte

A

A white blood cell that circulates in the blood and matures into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues

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46
Q

Define mucous membrane

A

A mucus-secreting membrane that lines the respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts

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47
Q

Define natural killer cell

A

A circulating leukocyte that kills body cells infected with a virus or transformed by cancer

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48
Q

Define necrosis

A

Cell death that results from tissue damage or infection when the plasma membrane is breached; results in inflammation

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49
Q

Define neutrophil

A

A phagocytic leukocyte found in the blood and tissues

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50
Q

Define non-ceullular pathogen

A

A disease-causing pathogen that is not made of living cells; for example, viruses and prions

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51
Q

Define non-self antigen

A

A molecule that is not recognised by the immune system as being part of the organism itself

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52
Q

Define non-specific response

A

A resonse that is the same regardless of the type of antigen

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53
Q

Define obligate parasite

A

A parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a suitable host; without a host, the parasite cannot reproduce

54
Q

Define opsonisation

A

The process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and/or complement and marked for phagocytosis

55
Q

Define pathogen

A

An organism foreign to the body and capable of causing disease

56
Q

Define phagocyte

A

A cell that is capable of phagocytosis; includes macrrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils

57
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

A process by which phagocytes engulf a particle or cell

58
Q

Define phagolysosome

A

A membrne-bound vesicle formed from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome

59
Q

Define phagosome

A

A membrane-bound vesicle formed around a particle during phagocytosis

60
Q

Define platelet

A

A cell fragment found in the blood involved in blood clotting

61
Q

Define prion

A

An infectious protein that can cause other unaffected prion proteins in the brain to take the affected form, causing transmissable spongiform encephalopathesis

62
Q

Define protist

A

A unicellular eukaryotic organism

63
Q

Define second line of defence

A

non-specific immune responses including fever and inflammation

64
Q

Define secondary metabolite

A

An organic compound produced by bacteria, fungi or plants; its role is to sustainfunctional and homeostatic health of cells withing organs by assistingcells to excrete waste and toxic substances

65
Q

Define self-antigen

A

An antigen or a molecule that is a normal body component

66
Q

Define sensitisation

A

Initial exposure to an allergen resulting in an adaptive immune response that generates IgE

67
Q

Define sterile inflammation

A

Inflammation resulting from the detection of damage - or danger-associated molecular patterns released during tissue injury in the absence of infection

68
Q

Define transmitted

A

When an infection is passed from one person or organism to another

69
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels, particularly arterioles

70
Q

Define virus

A

An obligate intracellular pathogen that can use the host cell’s machinery to replicate itself; usually consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

71
Q

Define active immunity

A

WHe, after vaccination, memory cells are created that provide immunity against further exposure to antigens

72
Q

Define agglutination

A

When antigens or pathogens become stuck together because of antibody binding

73
Q

Define antibody

A

A Y-shaped protein that binds to foreign substances that invade the body; also called immunoglobulin

74
Q

Define antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

A cell that displays peptides derived from processed antigens on major histocompatability complex class II molecules for presentation to Tₕ cells; can be B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells

75
Q

Define autoimmune disease

A

A disease caused we a person’s immune system mistakens self-cells and tissues as non-self and initiates an immune response against them

76
Q

Define B cell

A

A class of lymphocyte that, once activated, produces antibodies; also called a B lymphocyte

77
Q

Define B cell receptor

A

A surface-bound antibody that serves as a receptor so that B cells can detect antigens

78
Q

Define B plasma cell

A

A cell that originates in the bone marrow and produces large quantities of antibodies

79
Q

Define bone marrow

A

Soft tissue found inside some bones that contains stem cels that produce cells of the immune system

80
Q

Define cell-mediated immunity

A

An immune response initiated by cells, which does not involve antibodies

81
Q

Define clonal selection

A

The process in which lymphocytes that have bound to an antigen divide rapidly and become more numerous than other clones

82
Q

Define cytotoxic T cell (T꜀ cell)

A

A class of lymphocyte thst destroys virally infected or cancerous cells by secreting proteins that result in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, also called a cytotoxic T lumphocyte

83
Q

Define epitope

A

A small part of a larger molecule that binds to a receptor site such as B cell receptors and T cell receptors

84
Q

Define helper T cell (Tₕ cell)

A

A lymphocyte that assists cytotoxic T cells, B cells and macrophages by secreting cytokines and providing contact-dependent signalling; also called a helper T lymphocyte

85
Q

Define humoral immune response

A

An adaptive immune response mediated by antibodies

86
Q

Define immune

A

Having resistance to infection by a specific pathogen

87
Q

Define immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

A Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells that bind to a specific antigen; also called antibody

88
Q

Define interleukin

A

A subset of cytokines that assists with the coordination of cells involved in the immune response

89
Q

Define interstitial fluid

A

A fluid that lies between cells; also known as tissue fluid or extracellular fluid

90
Q

Define lymph

A

A colourless fluid that originates from tissue fluid

91
Q

Deifne lymph node

A

An immunological organ in which antigens are trapped or delivered by phagocytes to present to lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response

92
Q

Define lymphatic system

A

A system of organs (thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, network of vessels) and lymph fluid that are involved in transporting lymphocytes and removing foreign matter

93
Q

Define major histocompatability complex (MHC)

A

Protein markers found on cell surfaces that are important in distinguising self from non-self; MHC class I is found onall cells and MHC class II is found only on antigen-presenting cells

94
Q

Define memory cell

A

A long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen when it is reintroduced; made from B cells and T cells

95
Q

Define MHC restriction

A

Refers to the fact that T cells can only recognise antigens that are presented on MHC proteins

96
Q

Define mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

An extensive system of lymphoid tissue deposited all over the body; initiates immune responses along mucosal areas such as gastrointestinal tract, eyes and lungs

97
Q

Define neutralisation

A

The process by which antibodies prevent toxins from acting by binding to them and blocking them from binding to their targets

98
Q

Define passive immunity

A

Immunity characterised by the transfer of antibodies from one individual to antoher; does not generate immunological memory

99
Q

Define primary lymphoid organ

A

The bone marrow and thymus; responsibe for the production and maturation of immune cells

100
Q

Define primary response

A

The response generated when an antigen is encountered for the first time; contrasted with the secondary response

101
Q

Define regulatory T cell (Tᵣₑ₉ cell)

A

A class of lymphocyte that helps to negatively regulate the immune response; also called a regulatory T lymphocyte

102
Q

Define secondary lymphoid organ

A

An organ that provides anenvironment for the initiation of the immune repsonse; includes lymph nodes, spleen and mucous-associated lymphoid tissue

103
Q

Define secondary response

A

The response generated when the body encounters a pathogen to which it has previously generated an immune response; involves reactivation of memory lymphocytes and occurs more rapidly and with greater magnitude than the primary response

104
Q

Define self-tolerance

A

The deletion or inactivation of ymphocyte clones that can bind to self-antigens to prevent an immune response to these antigens

105
Q

Define specific response

A

An adaptive immune response directed against a particular antigen that retains immunological memory og that antigen

106
Q

Define spleen

A

An abdominal organ that stores white blood cells

107
Q

Define T cell receptor

A

A protein receptor found on the surface of T ceels, binds to antigens presented on major histocompatability complex proteins

108
Q

Define thymus

A

The glands in the upper chest where T cells mature

109
Q

Define autoantibody

A

An antibody produced by a person’s immune system that is directed against the person’s own proteins

110
Q

Define autoimmune disease

A

A disease caused when a person’s immune system mistakes slef-cells and tissues as non-self and initiates an immune response against them

111
Q

Define cancer

A

uncontrolled abnormal division of cells that are not kept in check by the immune system and invade other areas of the body

112
Q

Define carrier

A

A person who does not show symptoms of a disease but can transmit the infection to others

113
Q

Define endemic

A

Restriced or native to a certain locality

114
Q

Define epidemic

A

The rapid spread of a disease across a number of countires

115
Q

Define herd immunity

A

WHen unvaccinated individuals are protected against a disease because a large number of people (between 60-95% depending on the disease) have been vacinated, thereby making it unlikely that unvaccinated people wil come into contact with anyone suffering from the disease

116
Q

Define hybridoma

A

A cell involved in the production of large amounts of monoclonal antibodies

117
Q

Define immunisation

A

The process of making a person immune to a disease through vaccination

118
Q

Define immunotherapy

A

Boosting the ability of a person’s own immune system to fight cancer

119
Q

Define infectivity

A

The ability of a pathogen to spread from one host to another host

120
Q

Define Koch’s postulates

A

A set of criteria to determine the causative agent of a disease

121
Q

Define latent

A

Not active

122
Q

Define monoclonal antibody

A

A laboratory-produced molecule that serves as a substitute antibody to fight cancerous cells

123
Q

Define pandemic

A

The spread of a disease across the world

124
Q

Define primary host

A

An organism in which a pathogen reproduces

125
Q

Define quarantine

A

Restricting the mobility of a person or persons to a certain area so they reduce contact with other people in order to stop the spread of a pathogen

126
Q

Define secondary host

A

An organism om which the immature pathogen becomes mature

127
Q

Define sporadic

A

Seen infrequently in a small number of people

128
Q

Define T-cell transfer therapy

A

A therapy that boosts the ability of T cells to fight cancer cells

129
Q

Define tumour

A

A mass of abnormally growing cells

130
Q

Define vaccination

A

The administration of a vaccine to protect someone from a disease

131
Q

Define virulence

A

The capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease within its host

132
Q

Define zoonotic

A

Describes a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans

Biology Units 3 & 4 (53 decks)

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