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Biology Units 3 & 4 > Unit 3 AOS 2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define activation energy

A

The energy required to initiate a reaction

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2
Q

Define active site

A

The place of an enzyme molecule where substrate molecules attach

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3
Q

Define adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

A low-energy compound made of adenine and ribose with two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy storage when it gains a phosphate group

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4
Q

Define adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A high-energy compound made of adenine and ribose with a chain of three phosphate groups attached; it releases energy for cellular reactions when its last phosphate group is removed and it is converted to ADP

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5
Q

Define aerobic cellular respiration

A

A metabolic reaction that requires oxygen to produce energy for the cell

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6
Q

Define allosteric site

A

A binding site on a protein (usually an enzyme), that is not part of the active site; binding of a specific molecule at this site results in a change in activity of the protein

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7
Q

Define anabolic reaction

A

A reaction in which atoms and small molecules are joined together to make larger molecules

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8
Q

Define anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

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9
Q

Define ATP synthase

A

An enzyme that provides energy for the cell through synthesis of ATP

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10
Q

Define biochemical pathway

A

A series if chemical reactions, each controlled by an enzyme, that brings about the step-by-step conversion of an initial substrate molecule to a final product

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11
Q

Define catabolic reaction

A

A reaction in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

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12
Q

Define catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

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13
Q

Define cellular metabolism

A

The sum of metabolic reactions in a cell

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14
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

A process occurring in all living cells where large molecules are broken down to release energy

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15
Q

Define chlorophyll

A

The green pigment in plant chloroplasts; it absorbs light energy, making it available for photosynthesis

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16
Q

Define chloroplast

A

A membrane-bound organelle containing chlorophyll and found in the cytoplasm of plants and algae; its main function is photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates

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17
Q

Define coenzyme

A

A small molecule that assists enzyme activity by carrying groups of atoms to or from the reaction

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18
Q

Define cofactor

A

A molecule that assists enzyme activity by helping the enzyme to fold properly or to facilitate the reaction

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19
Q

Define competitive inhibitor

A

A substance that competes with a substrate for an enzyme’s active site and thereby reduces the enzyme’s activity

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20
Q

Define electron transport chain

A

The process involving the stepwise transport of electrons to a final electron acceptor, such as oxygen (in aerobic cellular respiration); ultimately, it creates an electrochemical gradient across membranes to drive the addition of phosphate to ADP to yield ATP

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21
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy for it to proceed

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22
Q

Define endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings

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23
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

A spontaneous reaction that releases energy

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24
Q

Define exothermic reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat or light

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25
Q

Define FADH₂

A

The loaded form of flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that acts in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

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26
Q

Define feedback inhibition

A

A control mechanism used by cells in which an enzyme’s activity is stopped or reduced by the product

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27
Q

Define glycogen

A

An energy-storage polysaccharide in animals that is made of many connected glucose molecules

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28
Q

Define glycolysis

A

An energy-yielding process occurring in the cytosol of cells in which glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate in enzyme reactions that do not require oxygen; this first stage of cellular respiration produces 2 ATP molecules

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29
Q

Define induced-fit model

A

A model of enzyme action that explains that the shape of an enzyme’s active site undergoes specific changes, induced by the substrate, to achieve a high degree of specificity with the substrate

30
Q

Define lactic acid

A

A product of anaerobic cellular respiration in animals

31
Q

Define loaded

A

Carry protons, electrons or chemical groups that are needed for anabolic reactions to occur

32
Q

lock-and-key model

A

A model of enzyme action that suggests that the shape if a substrate molecule is an exact fit to the shape of an enzyme’s active site

33
Q

Define NAD⁺

A

The unloaded form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that has a rile in cellular respiration

34
Q

Define NADH

A

The loaded form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that has a role in cellular respiration

35
Q

Define NADP⁺

A

The unloaded form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that has a role in photosynthesis

36
Q

Define NADPH

A

The loaded form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme that has a role in photosynthesis

37
Q

Define non-competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site; this changes the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site

38
Q

Define optimum pH

A

the pH at which an enzyme works fastest

39
Q

Define optimum temperature

A

The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest

40
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

The anabolic reaction in which light energy is captured by chlorophyll molecules and used to split water molecules, releasing oxygen and hydrogen atoms, which are joined to carbon dioxide to form glucose

41
Q

Define reactant

A

The imputs of a chemical reaction that are required to form products or outputs

42
Q

Define substrate

A

A substance on which an enzyme acts; a reactant for an enzyme-controlled reaction

43
Q

Define unloaded

A

Can accept protons, electrons or chemical groups that are released from catabolic reactions

44
Q

Define acetyl CoA

A

A molecule used to convey carbon atoms to the Krebs cycle

45
Q

Define aerobe

A

An organism that requires oxygen to survive and reproduce

46
Q

Define alcoholic fermentation

A

A form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type alcohol

47
Q

Define anaerobe

A

An organism that does not require oxygen to survive and reproduce

48
Q

Define autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light (through photosynthesis) or chemical energy (through chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria

49
Q

Define biofuel

A

A fuel that has used biomass as its original source

50
Q

Define biomass

A

The total dry weight of an organic material

51
Q

Define C₃ plant

A

A plant that directly uses CO₂ as an imput for photosynthesis

52
Q

Define Calvin-Benson cycle

A

A biochemical pathway in which sugar molecules are produced using carbon dioxide

53
Q

Define CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

A

A plant that shuts its stomata during the day and fixes carbon during the night when its stomata are open; an adaptation to hot dry environments

54
Q

Define carbon fixation

A

The conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in the stroma of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells

55
Q

Define chemoautotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using chemicals as the primary energy food source

56
Q

Define christae

A

The folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner memebrane

57
Q

Define cytochrome

A

A family of membrane-bound proteins that carry out electron transport; located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane

58
Q

Define grana

A

The stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll

59
Q

Define heterotroph

A

An organism that cannot make its own organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds; it depends on other organisms for nutrients and energy requirements

60
Q

Define Krebs cycle

A

A biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; acetyl CoA, the product of glycolysis, is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP

61
Q

Define lactic acid fermentation

A

A form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid

62
Q

Define light-dependent stage

A

The fist stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll to split water molecules to produce oxygen, hydrogen ions and ATP

63
Q

Define light-independent stage

A

The second stage of photosynthesis; through a series of reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrate

64
Q

Define limiting factor

A

The factor that limits the rate of reactions

65
Q

Define matrix

A

A gel-like fluid in mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) of cellular respiration takes place

66
Q

Define mitochondrion

A

An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell

67
Q

Define photoautotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light as its primary energy source

68
Q

Define photorespiration

A

The process in which plants take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

69
Q

Define pigment

A

A molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects all others

70
Q

Define pyruvate

A

A three-carbon moleucle that is the end product of glycolysis

71
Q

Define stroma

A

The jelly-like, semifluid interior of a chloroplast

72
Q

Define thylakoid membrane

A

The interconnected, folded membrane within a chloroplast

Biology Units 3 & 4 (53 decks)

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