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y12 hhd > Unit 4 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 characteristics of a high income country (GNI & 3 others)

A
  • over $12 376 GNI per capita
  • high levels of education attainment
  • high LE
  • high living standard
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2
Q

4 characteristics of a middle income country (GNI & 3 others)

A
  • between $1026 - $12 375 GNI per capita
  • improving living standards
  • developing infrastructure
  • imporving access to healthcare
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3
Q

4 characteristics of a low income country (GNI & 3 others)

A
  • below $1025 GNI per capita
  • low access to adequate nutritious foods
  • poor quality infrastructure
  • poor living standards
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4
Q

list the 3 types of characteristics to explain high, middle and low income countries

A

environmental, economic, social

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5
Q

Give 3 examples of environmental characteristics

A
  • quality of infrastructure
  • access to clean water
  • access to nutritious food
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6
Q

Give 3 examples of economic characteristics

A
  • income levels
  • poverty
  • trade opportunities
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7
Q

Give 3 examples of social characteristics

A
  • employment levels
  • education levels
  • healthcare system
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8
Q

List the 5 factors influencing differing HS between high, middle and low income countries

A

Access to safe water, Access to sanitation, Poverty, Inequality & discrimination and Global marketing and distribution

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9
Q

Define access to safe water

A

Refers to access to water that when consumed will not be detrimental to health and is free from any form of contaminants

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10
Q

Define access to sanitation

A

Refers to interventions that reduce human exposure to disease through safely separating waste from human contact

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11
Q

Define poverty

A

Refers to the lack of access to basic life necessities, such as food, safe water and sanitation, healthcare and shelter

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12
Q

What GNI determines extreme poverty

A

living under USD 1.90 daily

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13
Q

Define inequality

A

refers to unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society

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14
Q

Define discrimination

A

Occurs when individuals or people groups are treated less favourably, experiencing less opportunities than others in a similar situation due to characteristics such as race, age, skin colour, SES, religion or gender

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15
Q

Define global marketing and distribution

A

Refers to the advertising and selling of goods and services worldwide

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16
Q

List the 3 main categories involved in global distribution and marketing

A

Tobacco, alcohol and processed foods

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17
Q

List 2 major implications of global marketing and distribution

A
  • Double BOD in low and middle income countries
  • money spent on these = less income on life promoting resources such as adequate nutritious food
18
Q

Define sustainability

A

Refers to the ability to meet the needs of current generations without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations

19
Q

List the 3 dimensions of sustainability

A

Social, economic and environmental

20
Q

Define social sustainability

A

Refers to equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future

21
Q

Give 3 examples of social sustainability

A
  • investing in education to increase skills and employment opportunities
  • Subsidising housing so more ppl have access to adequate living facilities
  • investing in healthcare to promote access such as through free or subsidised health programs
22
Q

Define economic sustainability

A

Refers to the efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met

23
Q

Give 3 examples of economic sustainability

A
  • Managing debt properly, ensuring future generations’ money can go towards life-promoting resources
  • building industry, increasing employment opportunities
  • Increased national income through trade opportunities -> invest into education -> more productive workforce due to higher skill level
24
Q

Define environmental sustainability

A

Refers to the making of decisions and implementing of practices that minimise the degradation of the planet, with the awareness of natural resources and the fragility of the physical environment

25
Q

give 3 examples of environmental sustainability

A
  • responsible development of infrastructure to ensure that natural habitats are preserved for future generations
  • responsible use of non-renewable resources and energy, such as by switcing to renewable sources
  • reducing carbon emissions
26
Q

Define human development

A

The process of increasing opportunities and freedoms that ppl have to develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests

27
Q

list 3 characteristics of HD

A
  • focuses on ppl, opportunities and choices rather than assuming that economic growth automatically improves HWB
  • about ppl who are empowered to make their own life cohices
  • about ppl who can live long and healthy lives
28
Q

Define the human development index (HDI)

A

A tool developed by the UN to measure social and economic growth of countries, ranking them on a scale from 0-1

29
Q

List the 3 dimensions of HDI

A
  • decent standard of living
  • knowledge
  • long and healthy life
30
Q

List the 4 indicators of HDI

A
  • LE at birth
  • GNI per capita
  • Mean years of schooling
  • Expected years of schooling
31
Q

List 3 strengths of HDI

A
  • measures the quality of life, rather than assuming economic growth will automatically improve HWB
  • provides simple stats, making it easy to compare and rank countries
  • provides a more complex picture of HD
32
Q

List the 4 global trends that influence HWB

A

Climate change, conflict & mass migration, Increased world trade & tourism, Digital technology

33
Q

Define climate change

A

Involves rising sea levels, changing weather patterns, extreme heat conditions and extreme weather events

34
Q

Give 3 implications of climate change on HWB

A
  • low agricultural productivity leading to low food security and related conditions like malnutrition
  • increased homelessness as ppl are displaced from their homes -> fear, insecurity, lack of belonging & identity
  • increased poverty due to lack of jobs -> low access to food, sanitation, healthcare
35
Q

Explain conflict & mass migration

A

Involves war, violence & crime that causes movements of large numbers of ppl from one geographical area to another

36
Q

Give 3 implications of conflict on HWB

A
  • increased sexual violence & exploitation on women
  • premature death & injuries from violence
  • destroyed infrastructure & agricultural land -> poor access to food and healthcare
37
Q

Give 3 implications of mass migration

A
  • injuries due to unsafe migration methods (e.g. squishing onto a boat)
  • stress & anxiety
  • poverty, starting anew in a new place -> increased sexual exploitation as women become prostitutes -> low literacy levels as children go to work rather than school
38
Q

Give 3 positives of world trade

A
  • increased individual & national income -> improved living standard
  • increased employment opportunities due to marketing demands & reducing poverty
  • increases LE as ppl have more money to spend on life-promoting resources
39
Q

Give 3 negatives of world trade

A
  • multinational companies exploiting populations in low/middle income countries to unfair and unsafe working conditions (factories)
  • often only high income countries benefit
  • low/middle income countries vulnerable to price fluctuations
40
Q

Give 3 positives of tourism

A
  • increased employment opportunities to meet tourist demands (marketing goods, resorts, tourist attractions, theme parks)
  • increased individual & national income -> improving living standard
  • increased demand for traditional goods -> sharing culture = sense of identity (spiritual hwb)
41
Q
A

y12 hhd (5 decks)

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