Unit 3 AOS 1

Question 1

What is HWB? (define health, define wellbeing)

Answer 1

Health - state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing, not just the absence of disease and illness

Wellbeing - complex combination of all dimensions of health where individual feels healthy, happy, capable and engaged

Question 2

Define illness (same thing as disease)

Answer 2

State of feeling unwell or being in poor health, often due to disease or injury

Question 3

What is the subjective nature of HWB? (define, and give an example)

Answer 3

• influenced or based on a person’s feelings, opinions and experiences
  e.g. different responses to being sick, an individual may have experienced it before and stay calm while another may panic because it is their first time

Question 4

What is the dynamic nature of HWB? (define and give an example)

Answer 4

• constantly changing
  e.g. an individual may be physically able to participate in sports but become injured suddenly and become unable to participate anymore

Question 5

List the 5 dimensions of HWB

Answer 5

Physical, Social, Mental, Emotional, Spiritual

Question 6

What is physical HWB? (define & give example)

Answer 6

• relates to the functioning of the biological body and its system
  e.g. physical capacity to perform daily activities, such as having adequate energy levels

Question 7

What is social HWB? (define & give example)

Answer 7

• relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, and to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
  e.g. having good social skills & maintaining a good support group of friends

Question 8

What is emotional HWB? (define & give example)

Answer 8

• relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way
  e.g. displaying resilience, feeling relaxed in everyday life (emotional security)

Question 9

What is mental HWB? (define & give example)

Answer 9

• relates to the current state of mind or brain wellbeing, and ability to think and process info
  e.g. having low levels of stress and anxiety

Question 10

What is spiritual HWB? (define & give example)

Answer 10

• relates to the intangible nature belonging to one’s realm of beliefs, values & ethics from conscience, including concepts of hope, peace, guiding sense of meaning or value and reflection on place in the world
  e.g. having a purpose in life and feeling a sense of belonging or connection

Question 11

A relationship between HWB involves how many dimensions? (give example)

Answer 11

2
e.g. physical HWB -> example -> link -> social hwb -> example -> link

Question 12

How is optimal HWB maintained/achieved?

Answer 12

Through interrelationships where a balance between all dimensions is required

Question 13

An interrelationship between HWB involves how many dimensions?

Answer 13

physical -> social -> social -> physical

Question 14

What are the 3 main areas that HWB is important as a resource?

Answer 14

Individually, Nationally, Globally

Question 15

What is the importance of HWB as a resource individually? (2 main points & describe each)

Answer 15

Essential for growth & development to occur throughout lifespan
- creation of strong social bonds
- engage with supportive communities
- gain an education
- strong sense of worth and purpose

Optimal HWB can benefit an individual thru
- increasing LE
- increasing self-esteem & positive self-image
- enabling engagement with community
- reduce risk of chronic conditions & injuries (e.g. osteoporosis, cancer, stroke)

Question 16

What is the importance of HWB as a resource nationally? (try to rmb at least 5)

Answer 16

• ‘health is wealth’
• healthy populations help build productive workforce, increasing national income (reduced absenteeism & stress levels)
• reduced burden on healthcare system
• higher average incomes
• increased economic development
• increased positive participation and societal participation -> high functioning government systems
• less reliance on social security

Question 17

What is the importance of HWB as a resource globally? (5 main points)

Answer 17

• decrease in emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases/health threats that can cross borders
• increase access to human rights
• increased global sustainability
• increased global security
• improved social & mental HWB as less children in low-income countries die from malnutrition/preventable diseases
• promotes social justice as low-income countries receive support and reduces disadvantages

Question 18

What are the health status (HS) indicators? (17)

Answer 18

incidence, prevalence, morbidity, burden of disease, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL), years lost due to disability (YLD), life expectancy, health adjusted life expectancy (HALE), mortality, maternal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality, infant mortality rate, under 5 mortality, under 5 mortality rate, self assessed health status

Question 19

Define incidence

Answer 19

number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time

Question 20

define prevalence

Answer 20

number/proportion of cases of a particular disease/condition present in a population at a given time

Question 21

define morbidity

Answer 21

the ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group

Question 22

burden of disease

Answer 22

a measure of the impact of disease and injuries. measures the gap between current health status and ideal illness-free situation. Measured in DALYs

Question 23

what does DALY stand for and define it

Answer 23

Disability adjusted life years
measure of burden disease
one DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

Question 24

what does YLL stand for and define it

Answer 24

Year of life lost
the fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of life lost due to death

Question 25

what does YLD stand for and define it

Answer 25

years lost due to disability
non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years lost due to disease or injuries

Question 26

Define life expectancy

Answer 26

it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

Question 27

Define health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

Answer 27

measure of burden of disease based on LE at birth, including adjustment for time spetnt in poor health
Number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of illhealth and mortality

Question 28

define mortality

Answer 28

it is the number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor

Question 29

define maternal mortality

Answer 29

the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy, childbirth or during the six weeks after the end of the pregnancy

Question 30

define maternal mortality ratio

Answer 30

the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy, childbirth or during the 6 wks after pregnancy, per 1000 live births in the same period

Question 31

define infant mortality

Answer 31

the number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period

Question 32

define under 5 mortality

Answer 32

the number of deaths among children under 5 years of age

Question 33

define infant mortality rate

Answer 33

the number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period

Question 34

define under 5 mortality rate

Answer 34

the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births

Question 35

define self-assessed health status

Answer 35

an overall measure of a population’s health based on a person’s own perceptions of their health

Question 36

list the prerequisites for health (8)

Answer 36

peace, shelter, food, education, social justice + equity, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, income

Question 37

define peace as a health prerequisite & give health outcomes

Answer 37

access to education, health and essential services, developing sustainably and protecting planet’s biodiversity

health outcomes:
- involves absence of crime and violence, promoting physical HWB as risks premature deaths are reduced because there is less chance of war happening
- reduces risk of injuries
- reduces stress
- promotes feelings of safety and security, promoting emotional HWB
- increase likelihood of having access to human rights, making it safer for ppl to practice religious beliefs, promoting spiritual hwb
- improves access to infrastructure (healthcare services) so that ppl can acces the care that they need to reduce the burden of disease

Question 38

define shelter as a health prerequisite and give health outcome

Answer 38

access to affordable adequate shelter, including adequate prevacy, space, physical accessibility, security, security of tenure (rent), structural stability, durability

health outcomes:
- access to safe shelter provides ppl w feelings of security and safety, which can reduce stress and anxiety, promoting mental & emotional HWB
- provides protection from the environment, such as malaria from mozzies, reducing U5MR and increase LE
- provide place for ppl to gather and form relationships, promoting social hwb
- provides a sense of belonging for ppl, which promotes spiritual hwb
provides safe space to live and resources such as sanitation, heating and privacy which promot physical hwb

Question 39

define education as a health prerequisite and give health outcomee

Answer 39

access to education has a strong association with employment opportunities, level of literacy skills & income

health outcomes:
- increases understanding of concepts e.g. nutrition, promoting physical hwb
- increases choices and opportunities in life, which can promote sense of purpose, spiritual hwb
- improves social skills, which can improve relationships and promote social hwb
- often leads to higher income, which can improve living standards and promote physical hwb
- promotes importance of prenatal and antenatal care for pregnant women and positive impact of healthcare for their baby, reducing maternal and infant mortality rates

Question 40

define income (for both nationally and individually) as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes

Answer 40

nationally: GNP (gross national income) influences ability to fund and provide acces to services and resources essential for optimal health
individual: acccess to healthcare services, clean water, housing, warmth, education

health outcomes:
- increased access to needed healthcare, reducing time spent in poor health, increasing LE
- provides opportunity to join clubs and be part of a team, promoting social hwb
- being employed increases confidence and optimism, promoting mental hwb
- earning living and providing for family provides sense of purpose, promoting spiritual hwb
- being able to pay bills helps ppl feel more secure and relaxed, promoting emotional hwb

Question 41

define food as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes

Answer 41

access to safe, culturally acceptable, nutritious diet through a sustainable food system

health outcomes:
- provides energy for body functions, physical hwb
- builds strong immune system to reduce risk of infectious disease, increasing LE
- nourishment for pregnant women to deliver strong, healthy babies, physical hwb
- forms parts of social celebrations, helping ppl bond, promoting social hwb
- reduces stress and anxiety from acces to adequate nutritious foods, not having to worry ab next meal, improving mental hwb

Question 42

define stable ecosystem as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes

Answer 42

achieving a balance between the living and non-living elements of an environment, stable = resources for housing and clothing, decent standard of living

health outcomes:
- helps provide water and food, increasing optimism, promoting mental hwb
- provides space for leisure, such as bush walking, parks, promoting physical hwb
- improves access to clean water, reducing waterborne diseases, reducing child mortality rates
- improves access to food, reducing malnutirtion and promoting physical hwb

Question 43

define sustainable resources as a health prerequisite and list health outcomes

Answer 43

protection and preservation of current environmental resources t enable current & future generations to live in and achieve optimal hwb

health outcomes
- access to sustainable water supply
- sustainable farming practices helps provide stable employment
- access to sustainable food and water, reducing malnutrition and promoting physical hwb
- access to sustainable energy, food, water reducing feelings of stress and promoting mental hwb

Question 44

define social justice + equity as a health prerequisite and list health outcomes

Answer 44

involves when all people are treated equally (justice) and experience equal rights & opportunities with no disadvantages (equality)

health outcomes:
○ People who experience social justice are more likely to be optimistic ab their future, promoting mental hwb
○ Social justice improves access to services such as healthcare, reducing burden of disease
○ Social justice helps ppl have a better sense of hope in life, increasing spiritual hwb
Equity creates feelings of belonging and connection to community as ppl feel accepted and valued, improving spiritual hwb

Question 45

what are the 3 factors that contribute to health status

Answer 45

biological, sociocultural, environmental

Question 46

what are the biological factors that contribute to health status?

Answer 46

Genetics
- predisposition to disease
- influences risk of getting disease
- inheritance of DNA variants (gene disorders -> muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis)

Body weight
- overweight/obesity -> diabetes, chronic illnesses, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- calculated by BMI,

Blood cholesterol
Blood pressure
Blood glucose regulation

Birth weight
- due to premature birth/foetal growth restriction
- low-birthweight health issues: RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), bleeding in the brain, heart problems, eye conditions

Age
- deterioration of body systems over time

Question 47

what are the sociocultural factors that contribute to health status?

Answer 47

family
- create or restrict ability to model healthy behaviors for their children to adopt

social networks
- having support groups/friends

socioeconomic status (SES)
- those disadvantaged likely to experience poorer mental and social hwb

Level of education

employment status

overcrowding & homelessness

access to health info
- lack = misdiagnosis of disease, lack of health prevention methods, increased likelihood of mortality

Question 48

define biological factors

Answer 48

Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing and overall levels of health status

Question 49

define sociocultural factors

Answer 49

aspects of society and the social environment that impact on HWB and overall levels of HS

Question 50

define environmental factors

Answer 50

surroundings in which we live, work and play, including water and air,workplaces, roads, natures, schools,m recreation settings and hazard exposure

Question 51

what are the environmental factors that contribute to health status?

Answer 51

air, water and sanitation quality
- poor air quality -> respiratory diseases
- poor water quality -> diarrhoea, parasitic diseases

access to physical resources (transport systems & infrastructure, recreation facilities, geographic location of resources e.g.healthcare)

workplace
- manual labour -> occupational disease & injuries
- indoors environment -> air pollution

climate change & natural disasters
- UV radiation
- impact on food production -> diet related diseases

Question 52

what are the 4 population groups with varying factors for HWB and HS?

Answer 52

Males VS females
Indigenous VS non-Indigenous
High SES VS low SES
Australians living outside major cities VS within major cities

Question 53

what are 2 biological factors that affect all 4 (or most) population groups? (list & explain)

Answer 53

Birthweight
- worse off side (indigenous, low SES, those outside major cities) tends to have higher prevalence of low-birthweight babies.
- associated with RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), bleeding in the brain, kidney failure
- higher infant mortality

Body weight
- worse off side tend to have higher prevalence of underweight & obesity
- links to conditions such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition

Question 54

what are 2 sociocultural factors that affect all 4 population groups? (list & explain)

Answer 54

• Access to health info
  ○ Equally enabling all grps in populations to achieve optimal hwb
  ○ Lack
  § Misdiagnosis of disease
  § Lack of understanding to prevent disease
  Increased likelihood of mortality from disease due to lack of treatment and lack of knowledge of signs and symptoms

employment status
- low SES, indigenous, those outside major cities more likely to experience unemployment
- unemployment more likely to affect males more, lack of purpose affecting spiritual hwb
- affects ability to afford healthcare, necessities, impact mental and emotional hwb bc stressed due to finance,
- affects physical hwb bc lack of food, access to healthcare and sanitary facilities

Question 55

what are 2 environmental
factors that affect all 4 population groups? (list & explain)

Answer 55

• Climate change & natural disasters
  ○ Drought, greenhouse gas emissions etc.
  ○ Impact on food production -> impact on consumption = diet related diseases (diabetes, obesity)
  ○ UV radiation -> skin cancers
  ○ Exposure to chemicals causing respiratory distress and allergic reactions
• Air, water and sanitation quality
  ○ Poor air quality -> respiratory diseases
  ○ Some population groups do not experience the same high quality of water supply as other Aussies do
  Poor water quality -> gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, hepatitis, parasitic diseases

Question 56

what are the health risk factors?

Answer 56

smoking, alcohol, high body mass index (BMI), underconsumption of fruits & vegetables, under consumption of dairy, high intake of fat, low intake of fibre, low intake of iron

Question 57

list 4 effects of smoking on health outcomes

Answer 57

• carcinogenic chemicals in smoke -> tumours in lungs/bowel -> cancer
• chemicals in smoke affect blood platelets, increasing risk of blood clots (cause hypertension, stroke)
• reduces efficient functioning of body’s cleaning system, leading to toxin build up -> lung and mouth cancer
• illicit drugs (cannabis) -> psychosis, suicide, road traffic incidents

Question 58

list 3 effects of High BMI on health outcomes

Answer 58

• insulin resistance -> excess adipose tissue triggering release of certain proteins negatively affecting insulin release -> type 2 diabetes melitus
• extra body weight placing excess pressure on joints & muscles of body -> osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscoskeletal conditions
• affects body image due to excess body weight -> low self-esteem & mental disorders

Question 59

list 2 effects of underconsumption of dairy products

Answer 59

• inadequate calcium intake -> affecting bone density & strenght -> susceptibility to fractures -> osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
• affects health and strength of teeth -> dental caries

Question 60

list 3 effects of high intake of fat

Answer 60

• increased BMI -> overweight & obesity -> related diseases (diabetes, stroke, hypertension, CVD)
• saturated & trans fat -> increased levels of LDL cholesterol -> athersclerosis -> stroke, heart attack
• impaired glucose regulation -> fat cells blocking insulin-signalling process -> high blood glucose levels -> type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 61

list 3 effects of low intake of fibre on health outcomes

Answer 61

• reduced feeling of satiety & feeling hungry more often -> overeating & binge eating -> high BMI -> mental disorders related to low self esteem, depression, anxiety
• influence difficulty passing faeces, toxins staying in the body for longer, including potential cancerous matter -> colorectal/bowel cancer
• decreased absoprtion of dietary LDL cholesterol-> increased cholesterol levels -> athersclerosis -> stroke, high blood pressure, hypertension, heart diseases