Unit 3 AOS 1 Flashcards
UNDERSTANDING HEALTH & WELLBEING
What is HWB? (define health, define wellbeing)
Health - state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing, not just the absence of disease and illness
Wellbeing - complex combination of all dimensions of health where individual feels healthy, happy, capable and engaged
Define illness (same thing as disease)
State of feeling unwell or being in poor health, often due to disease or injury
What is the subjective nature of HWB? (define, and give an example)
- influenced or based on a person’s feelings, opinions and experiences
e.g. different responses to being sick, an individual may have experienced it before and stay calm while another may panic because it is their first time
What is the dynamic nature of HWB? (define and give an example)
- constantly changing
e.g. an individual may be physically able to participate in sports but become injured suddenly and become unable to participate anymore
List the 5 dimensions of HWB
Physical, Social, Mental, Emotional, Spiritual
What is physical HWB? (define & give example)
- relates to the functioning of the biological body and its system
e.g. physical capacity to perform daily activities, such as having adequate energy levels
What is social HWB? (define & give example)
- relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, and to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
e.g. having good social skills & maintaining a good support group of friends
What is emotional HWB? (define & give example)
- relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way
e.g. displaying resilience, feeling relaxed in everyday life (emotional security)
What is mental HWB? (define & give example)
- relates to the current state of mind or brain wellbeing, and ability to think and process info
e.g. having low levels of stress and anxiety
What is spiritual HWB? (define & give example)
- relates to the intangible nature belonging to one’s realm of beliefs, values & ethics from conscience, including concepts of hope, peace, guiding sense of meaning or value and reflection on place in the world
e.g. having a purpose in life and feeling a sense of belonging or connection
A relationship between HWB involves how many dimensions? (give example)
2
e.g. physical HWB -> example -> link -> social hwb -> example -> link
How is optimal HWB maintained/achieved?
Through interrelationships where a balance between all dimensions is required
An interrelationship between HWB involves how many dimensions?
physical -> social -> social -> physical
What are the 3 main areas that HWB is important as a resource?
Individually, Nationally, Globally
What is the importance of HWB as a resource individually? (2 main points & describe each)
Essential for growth & development to occur throughout lifespan
- creation of strong social bonds
- engage with supportive communities
- gain an education
- strong sense of worth and purpose
Optimal HWB can benefit an individual thru
- increasing LE
- increasing self-esteem & positive self-image
- enabling engagement with community
- reduce risk of chronic conditions & injuries (e.g. osteoporosis, cancer, stroke)
What is the importance of HWB as a resource nationally? (try to rmb at least 5)
- ‘health is wealth’
- healthy populations help build productive workforce, increasing national income (reduced absenteeism & stress levels)
- reduced burden on healthcare system
- higher average incomes
- increased economic development
- increased positive participation and societal participation -> high functioning government systems
- less reliance on social security
What is the importance of HWB as a resource globally? (5 main points)
- decrease in emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases/health threats that can cross borders
- increase access to human rights
- increased global sustainability
- increased global security
- improved social & mental HWB as less children in low-income countries die from malnutrition/preventable diseases
- promotes social justice as low-income countries receive support and reduces disadvantages
What are the health status (HS) indicators? (17)
incidence, prevalence, morbidity, burden of disease, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLL), years lost due to disability (YLD), life expectancy, health adjusted life expectancy (HALE), mortality, maternal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, infant mortality, infant mortality rate, under 5 mortality, under 5 mortality rate, self assessed health status
Define incidence
number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time
define prevalence
number/proportion of cases of a particular disease/condition present in a population at a given time
define morbidity
the ill-health in an individual and the levels of ill-health in a population or group
burden of disease
a measure of the impact of disease and injuries. measures the gap between current health status and ideal illness-free situation. Measured in DALYs
what does DALY stand for and define it
Disability adjusted life years
measure of burden disease
one DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury
what does YLL stand for and define it
Year of life lost
the fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of life lost due to death
what does YLD stand for and define it
years lost due to disability
non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years lost due to disease or injuries
Define life expectancy
it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
Define health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
measure of burden of disease based on LE at birth, including adjustment for time spetnt in poor health
Number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of illhealth and mortality
define mortality
it is the number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factor
define maternal mortality
the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy, childbirth or during the six weeks after the end of the pregnancy
define maternal mortality ratio
the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy, childbirth or during the 6 wks after pregnancy, per 1000 live births in the same period
define infant mortality
the number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period
define under 5 mortality
the number of deaths among children under 5 years of age
define infant mortality rate
the number of deaths among children aged under 1 year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period
define under 5 mortality rate
the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births
define self-assessed health status
an overall measure of a population’s health based on a person’s own perceptions of their health
list the prerequisites for health (8)
peace, shelter, food, education, social justice + equity, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, income
define peace as a health prerequisite & give health outcomes
access to education, health and essential services, developing sustainably and protecting planet’s biodiversity
health outcomes:
- involves absence of crime and violence, promoting physical HWB as risks premature deaths are reduced because there is less chance of war happening
- reduces risk of injuries
- reduces stress
- promotes feelings of safety and security, promoting emotional HWB
- increase likelihood of having access to human rights, making it safer for ppl to practice religious beliefs, promoting spiritual hwb
- improves access to infrastructure (healthcare services) so that ppl can acces the care that they need to reduce the burden of disease
define shelter as a health prerequisite and give health outcome
access to affordable adequate shelter, including adequate prevacy, space, physical accessibility, security, security of tenure (rent), structural stability, durability
health outcomes:
- access to safe shelter provides ppl w feelings of security and safety, which can reduce stress and anxiety, promoting mental & emotional HWB
- provides protection from the environment, such as malaria from mozzies, reducing U5MR and increase LE
- provide place for ppl to gather and form relationships, promoting social hwb
- provides a sense of belonging for ppl, which promotes spiritual hwb
provides safe space to live and resources such as sanitation, heating and privacy which promot physical hwb
define education as a health prerequisite and give health outcomee
access to education has a strong association with employment opportunities, level of literacy skills & income
health outcomes:
- increases understanding of concepts e.g. nutrition, promoting physical hwb
- increases choices and opportunities in life, which can promote sense of purpose, spiritual hwb
- improves social skills, which can improve relationships and promote social hwb
- often leads to higher income, which can improve living standards and promote physical hwb
- promotes importance of prenatal and antenatal care for pregnant women and positive impact of healthcare for their baby, reducing maternal and infant mortality rates
define income (for both nationally and individually) as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes
nationally: GNP (gross national income) influences ability to fund and provide acces to services and resources essential for optimal health
individual: acccess to healthcare services, clean water, housing, warmth, education
health outcomes:
- increased access to needed healthcare, reducing time spent in poor health, increasing LE
- provides opportunity to join clubs and be part of a team, promoting social hwb
- being employed increases confidence and optimism, promoting mental hwb
- earning living and providing for family provides sense of purpose, promoting spiritual hwb
- being able to pay bills helps ppl feel more secure and relaxed, promoting emotional hwb
define food as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes
access to safe, culturally acceptable, nutritious diet through a sustainable food system
health outcomes:
- provides energy for body functions, physical hwb
- builds strong immune system to reduce risk of infectious disease, increasing LE
- nourishment for pregnant women to deliver strong, healthy babies, physical hwb
- forms parts of social celebrations, helping ppl bond, promoting social hwb
- reduces stress and anxiety from acces to adequate nutritious foods, not having to worry ab next meal, improving mental hwb
define stable ecosystem as a health prerequisite and list its health outcomes
achieving a balance between the living and non-living elements of an environment, stable = resources for housing and clothing, decent standard of living
health outcomes:
- helps provide water and food, increasing optimism, promoting mental hwb
- provides space for leisure, such as bush walking, parks, promoting physical hwb
- improves access to clean water, reducing waterborne diseases, reducing child mortality rates
- improves access to food, reducing malnutirtion and promoting physical hwb
define sustainable resources as a health prerequisite and list health outcomes
protection and preservation of current environmental resources t enable current & future generations to live in and achieve optimal hwb
health outcomes
- access to sustainable water supply
- sustainable farming practices helps provide stable employment
- access to sustainable food and water, reducing malnutrition and promoting physical hwb
- access to sustainable energy, food, water reducing feelings of stress and promoting mental hwb
define social justice + equity as a health prerequisite and list health outcomes
involves when all people are treated equally (justice) and experience equal rights & opportunities with no disadvantages (equality)
health outcomes:
○ People who experience social justice are more likely to be optimistic ab their future, promoting mental hwb
○ Social justice improves access to services such as healthcare, reducing burden of disease
○ Social justice helps ppl have a better sense of hope in life, increasing spiritual hwb
Equity creates feelings of belonging and connection to community as ppl feel accepted and valued, improving spiritual hwb
what are the 3 factors that contribute to health status
biological, sociocultural, environmental
what are the biological factors that contribute to health status?
Genetics
- predisposition to disease
- influences risk of getting disease
- inheritance of DNA variants (gene disorders -> muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis)
Body weight
- overweight/obesity -> diabetes, chronic illnesses, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- calculated by BMI,
Blood cholesterol
Blood pressure
Blood glucose regulation
Birth weight
- due to premature birth/foetal growth restriction
- low-birthweight health issues: RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), bleeding in the brain, heart problems, eye conditions
Age
- deterioration of body systems over time
what are the sociocultural factors that contribute to health status?
family
- create or restrict ability to model healthy behaviors for their children to adopt
social networks
- having support groups/friends
socioeconomic status (SES)
- those disadvantaged likely to experience poorer mental and social hwb
Level of education
employment status
overcrowding & homelessness
access to health info
- lack = misdiagnosis of disease, lack of health prevention methods, increased likelihood of mortality
define biological factors
Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing and overall levels of health status
define sociocultural factors
aspects of society and the social environment that impact on HWB and overall levels of HS
define environmental factors
surroundings in which we live, work and play, including water and air,workplaces, roads, natures, schools,m recreation settings and hazard exposure
what are the environmental factors that contribute to health status?
air, water and sanitation quality
- poor air quality -> respiratory diseases
- poor water quality -> diarrhoea, parasitic diseases
access to physical resources (transport systems & infrastructure, recreation facilities, geographic location of resources e.g.healthcare)
workplace
- manual labour -> occupational disease & injuries
- indoors environment -> air pollution
climate change & natural disasters
- UV radiation
- impact on food production -> diet related diseases
what are the 4 population groups with varying factors for HWB and HS?
Males VS females
Indigenous VS non-Indigenous
High SES VS low SES
Australians living outside major cities VS within major cities
what are 2 biological factors that affect all 4 (or most) population groups? (list & explain)
Birthweight
- worse off side (indigenous, low SES, those outside major cities) tends to have higher prevalence of low-birthweight babies.
- associated with RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), bleeding in the brain, kidney failure
- higher infant mortality
Body weight
- worse off side tend to have higher prevalence of underweight & obesity
- links to conditions such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, malnutrition
what are 2 sociocultural factors that affect all 4 population groups? (list & explain)
- Access to health info
○ Equally enabling all grps in populations to achieve optimal hwb
○ Lack
§ Misdiagnosis of disease
§ Lack of understanding to prevent disease
Increased likelihood of mortality from disease due to lack of treatment and lack of knowledge of signs and symptoms
employment status
- low SES, indigenous, those outside major cities more likely to experience unemployment
- unemployment more likely to affect males more, lack of purpose affecting spiritual hwb
- affects ability to afford healthcare, necessities, impact mental and emotional hwb bc stressed due to finance,
- affects physical hwb bc lack of food, access to healthcare and sanitary facilities
what are 2 environmental
factors that affect all 4 population groups? (list & explain)
- Climate change & natural disasters
○ Drought, greenhouse gas emissions etc.
○ Impact on food production -> impact on consumption = diet related diseases (diabetes, obesity)
○ UV radiation -> skin cancers
○ Exposure to chemicals causing respiratory distress and allergic reactions - Air, water and sanitation quality
○ Poor air quality -> respiratory diseases
○ Some population groups do not experience the same high quality of water supply as other Aussies do
Poor water quality -> gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, hepatitis, parasitic diseases
what are the health risk factors?
smoking, alcohol, high body mass index (BMI), underconsumption of fruits & vegetables, under consumption of dairy, high intake of fat, low intake of fibre, low intake of iron
list 4 effects of smoking on health outcomes
- carcinogenic chemicals in smoke -> tumours in lungs/bowel -> cancer
- chemicals in smoke affect blood platelets, increasing risk of blood clots (cause hypertension, stroke)
- reduces efficient functioning of body’s cleaning system, leading to toxin build up -> lung and mouth cancer
- illicit drugs (cannabis) -> psychosis, suicide, road traffic incidents
list 3 effects of High BMI on health outcomes
- insulin resistance -> excess adipose tissue triggering release of certain proteins negatively affecting insulin release -> type 2 diabetes melitus
- extra body weight placing excess pressure on joints & muscles of body -> osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, muscoskeletal conditions
- affects body image due to excess body weight -> low self-esteem & mental disorders
list 2 effects of underconsumption of dairy products
- inadequate calcium intake -> affecting bone density & strenght -> susceptibility to fractures -> osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
- affects health and strength of teeth -> dental caries
list 3 effects of high intake of fat
- increased BMI -> overweight & obesity -> related diseases (diabetes, stroke, hypertension, CVD)
- saturated & trans fat -> increased levels of LDL cholesterol -> athersclerosis -> stroke, heart attack
- impaired glucose regulation -> fat cells blocking insulin-signalling process -> high blood glucose levels -> type 2 diabetes mellitus
list 3 effects of low intake of fibre on health outcomes
- reduced feeling of satiety & feeling hungry more often -> overeating & binge eating -> high BMI -> mental disorders related to low self esteem, depression, anxiety
- influence difficulty passing faeces, toxins staying in the body for longer, including potential cancerous matter -> colorectal/bowel cancer
- decreased absoprtion of dietary LDL cholesterol-> increased cholesterol levels -> athersclerosis -> stroke, high blood pressure, hypertension, heart diseases
