Unit 4 Aos 1 Flashcards
A limitation of GNI
It does not reflect any inequality in income distribution within a country
A low-income country as defined by its GNI
Below US$1026 per capita
A middle-income country as defined by its GNI
Income between US $1026 - US $12,375 per capita
A High-income country as defined by its GNI
Above US$12,375 per capita
Characteristics of low-income countries
- Lack of social support (e.g. welfare)
- Low levels of education
- High population growth
- Poor sanitation
- Poor healthcare
- Less infrastructure
Characteristics of middle-income countries
Characteristics vary:
* If on the lower end of income, countries tend to reflect low income country characteristics
* If on the higher end of income, countries tend to reflect high income country characteristics
Remember that middle income is attempting to progress towards high income, but not there yet. Also biggest portion of double BOD
Characteristics of high-income countries
- Availability of social support services
- Higher level of education
- Lower population growth
- Access to improved sanitation
- Higher agricultural productivity
- Improved food security
- Access to healthcare
- Improved infrastructure
Economic characterstics
- Level of debt
- Income
- Trade opportunities
- Poverty
- Welfare support
- Industry
Environmental characteristics
- Infrastructure
- Access to clean water
- Access to improved sanitation
- Access to food
- Agricultural productivity
- Energy use
- Resource use
Social characteristics
- Social support
- Employment
- Birth rates
- Education levels
- Healthcare system
- Access to technology
- Legal and political systems
- Living standards
- Social justice
List the three dimensions of sustainability
Economic, environmental, and social sustainability
Economic sustainability
The efficient and responsible use of available resources to ensure that all financial obligations over time can be met.
Provide three examples of what achieving economic sustainability looks like.
Managing debt, increasing incomes, and building opportunities for employment.
Environmental sustainability
Making decisions and implementing practices that minimize the degradation of the planet and having an awareness of natural resources and fragility of the physical environment.
Provide three examples of what achieving environmental sustainability looks like..
Responsible development of infrastructure, responsible use of non-renewable resources and energy, and reducing emissions and pollution.
Social sustainability
Equitably meeting and promoting the needs of all people now and in the future.
Provide three examples of what achieving social sustainability looks like..
Strong social justice, development of legal and political systems, and social support systems
List the 3 dimensions, and the 4 indicators of HDI they are measured by
A long and healthy life: life expectancy at birth
Being knowledgeable: mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling
A decent standard of living: GNI per capita
Describe advantages of the HDI
- Provide relationship of income and wellbeing
- Provide accurate indication of levels of human development
- Clear evaluations can be made
Describe disadvantages of the HDI
- Not all countries around the world able to receive a ranking
- Estimates are made if data is not available/missing
- Doesn’t include gender, income inequality, human rights, freedom etc.
Human development
The creation of an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.
Human development index
A tool created by UN to measure social + economic developmental outcomes of countries
HDI ranking system
- Very high: HDI 0.800 or above
- High: HDI 0.700-0.799
- Medium: HDI 0.550-0.699
- Low: HDI 0.550 or less
Non-communicable diseases
Diseases that are not passed from person to person but rather they are due to the damage caused to the body from a range of risk factors, including biological factors, sociocultural factors, environmental factors, and behaviours
Sustainable development
The many examples of action that can be taken as part of a broad process, plan, or pathway to achieve this goal
Themes with human development concept
People:
* Focus on lives of people rather than economic growth, economic growth is viewed as a means to achieve human development rather than end goal
Opportunities:
* Providing people with more freedom to live a life through giving a range of skills and abilities and opportunities for them
Choice:
* Provided with opportunities and be able to have the choice to make use of them, hopefully for gratification
When describing human development
- Lead productive lives
- Lead long and healthy lives
- Participate in decisions that affect their lives
- Can enhance their capabilities
- Participate in their community
- Have access to knowledge
- Have access to resources for decent standard of living
Access to safe water
Access to water that is considered not detrimental to health and is free from any form of contaminants. (taken for granted by high income countries)
Cholera
Acute bacterial infection of the intestinal tract, associated with contaminated water > causes diarrhoea
Discrimination
When a person, or a group of people, is treated less favorably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics such as age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status.
Poverty
People who are living in abject or extreme poverty are people who live on less than US $1.90 a day. Additionally, those who lack an access to resources such as food, safe water, sanitation, healthcare services, shelter and essential goods.
Sanitation
Interventions that reduce human exposure to disease by providing a clean environment in which to live.
Lack of access to safe water > malnutrition
No safe water > lack of sufficient water to grow food/keep livestock alive > affected by droughts > malnutrition increase
List some of the factors that contribute to an unsanitary environment
Poor access to amenities for washing cooking, and going to the toilet, overcrowded living conditions, inappropriate housing, poor drainage, a lack of developed sewerage systems and insufficient knowledge about the spread of infectious diseases
Sanitation and disease
Tropical disease, trachoma, intestinal worms, cholera, and malnutrition are all associated with poor sanitation in low- and middle-income countries
Inequality
Unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society
Extreme weather event
Extreme weather event: A weather related natural disaster such as a drought, flood, or cyclone excluding tsunamis and earthquakes that are not classified as weather events
Global marketing
Advertising and selling of goods and services across the world
Climate change
The change in weather patterns due to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Climate change often results in extremes in weather, rising sea levels and natural disasters
High income countries and tobacco
Many high-income countries have banned tobacco advertising on billboards, radio and television and they have stopped cigarettes from appearing as products and films and legalized the age at which a person can purchase tobacco products
Low-and-middle income countries and tobacco
Low-and middle-income countries are easy to target because the governments often do not have or enforce laws to govern or regulate the sale of tobacco as the government often earn money from the sale of tobacco; Cigarettes are the only ingested substance not governed by laws on content in low- and middle-income countries which means tobacco companies can add ammonia to cigarettes to help the nicotine reach the brain faster.
Describe the effect of alcohol use
Alcohol limits the amount of money available due purchase life sustaining resources such as food, healthcare, and safe water; Consumption of alcohol is far beyond the physical health and well-being of the drinker because an intoxicated person can harm others
Describe the effect of rising sea levels
More than 50% of the world lives within 60 kilometers of the sea therefore with rising sea levels people are being forced to leave their homes, land for crop and livestock production is lost, salinisation of water supply occurs which reduces the availability of safe drinking water and food supply because many crops cannot grow due to poor quality of the water
Floods
Floodwater contaminates freshwater supply, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. Stagnant water creates the ideal breeding conditions for disease carrying insects such as mosquitoes increasing the risk of malaria
Extreme heat conditions
Associated with increased obesity levels due to reduced physical activity and a reduction in affordable fruit and vegetables leading to increased consumption of processed, energy dense foods.
Conflict
A clash between individuals arising out of a difference in thought process, attitudes, understanding, interests, requirements, and even sometimes perceptions
Mass migration
The movement of large numbers of people from one geographical area to another
World trade
The international exchange of goods and services between countries
Tourism
A social, cultural, and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes
Positive effects of world trade
- development of new tech
- increased incomes, employment and education opportunities
- advance gender equality because many small businesses can be started by women
Negative impacts of world trade
- children used to work for cheap labor
- child working in factor, means unable to attend school
- increases environmental degradation
Positive effects of tourism
- brings income to their economies,
- revenue to governments
- provides employment - opportunities and creates new markets for goods and services
- ability to develop infrastructure such as roads, sewage systems, education, and healthcare facilities
Negative impacts of tourism
- impact on ecosystem as increased pollution, transportation
- increase transmission of communicable diseases due to spreading from tourists
Negative impacts of digital technology
- Misinformation being spread
- increase bad behaviours such as sitting down for longer, leading to decreased physical activity
- Technology favors those who are wealthier, possibly widening the gap between data rich and data poor.
