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Health and Human > Unit 3 Aos 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Aos 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

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2
Q

Dynamic

A

The act of changing or moving continually in response to environment and experiences.

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3
Q

Subjective

A

Influenced by or based on a person’s personal feelings, opinions and experiences.

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4
Q

Physical health and well-being

A

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems. It includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

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5
Q

Social health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

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6
Q

Emotional health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience.

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7
Q

Mental health and wellbeing

A

Relates to the ability to think and process information. associated with low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self-esteem, as well as a sense of confidence and optimism.

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8
Q

Spiritual health and wellbeing

A

Not material in nature but relates to ideas, beliefs, values, and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world

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9
Q

Optimal health and wellbeing is a resource individually

A
  • Social hwb; participate in sporting, leisure activities
  • Income, jobs; work and study effectively including participating in school
  • Nutrition, sleep, physical activity; contributing to family life and raising children
  • Undertaking daily routines
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10
Q

Optimal health and wellbeing is a resource nationally

A
  • Greater community participation - volunteering (meals for the homeless)* Less spending on health care due to lower burden of disease (economic benefits, e.g. Don’t need to take up beds for people with diabetes/obesity etc.)
  • Greater average incomes - increase in taxes (put back into sustainable structures i.e. Roads)
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11
Q

Optimal health and wellbeing is a resource globally

A
  • Improvements in achieving the SDG’s by 2030
  • Decrease in humanitarian Crises
  • Decrease risk of communicable disease outbreaks
  • Increased trade opportunities
  • Increase in sustainable practices
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12
Q

Maternal mortality

A

The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days (six weeks) of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.

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13
Q

Burden of disease

A

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specially it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. It is measured in a unit called the DALY.

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14
Q

Years of life lost (YLL)

A

The fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of potential life lost due to death.

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15
Q

Years lost due to disability (YLD)

A

The non-fatal component of the burden of disease that is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injuries.

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16
Q

Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)

A

A measure of the burden of disease. One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease, or injury. DALY = YLL + YLD

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17
Q

Optimal health and wellbeing

A

The best possible state of an individual’s health and wellbeing that a person can realistically achieve for their age is referred to as optimal health and wellbeing. It is defined by the sum of all five aspects of health and wellbeing.

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18
Q

List the 8 prerequisites of health

A

Peace, shelter, social justice and equity, sustainable resources, stable ecosystems, food, education, and income.

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19
Q

Peace

A

Peace is much more than just an absence of war or conflict. It also means access to education, health, and essential services

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20
Q

Shelter

A

Shelter means more than a roof over one’s head. It also means but is not limited to adequate privacy, space, and security. It means structural stability adequate lighting, heating, ventilation, basic infrastructure, such as water-supply, sanitation and waste management facilities

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21
Q

Education

A

Ensuring everyone can complete schooling. Strong association with employment opportunities, level of literacy skills and income.

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22
Q

Equity

A

All people receive fair treatment ALL the time, addressing causes of inequality in health / providing strategies to ensure fairness, greater chance of everyone having good health.

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23
Q

Social justice

A

All people are treated equally / experience equal rights, including the most vulnerable has access to resources for health (food, clean water).

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24
Q

Stable ecosystem

A

Achieving a balance between living and non-living elements of the environment. Stability = All things have their needs for food, air, water, shelter / reproduction met without causing detrimental effect to the natural environment

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25
Q

Food

A

Fundamental human right. Access to safe culturally acceptable, nationally adequate diet through sustainable food

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26
Q

Sustainable resources

A

When previous or current generations engage in actions that damage the environment, impacting their own chances of surviving in optimal health. Current resources need to be protected and preserved to enable current and future generations to live in optimal HWB.

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27
Q

Biological factors that contribute to health status

A
  • Blood pressure (the pressure of the blood in the arteries)
  • Body weight
  • Birthweight
  • Blood cholesterol (fat-based chemicals carried in LDL/HDL’s, plaque build up - affected by lifestyle choices)
  • Genetic disorders (inherited from parents via DNA at the moment of conception)
  • Genetic predisposition to disease (increased risk as a result for inheritance)
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28
Q

Genetic disorders

A

Genes include all the things that are inherited from parents via DNA at the moment of conception.

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29
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

The increased risk of disease development as a result of inheritance of specific genomes and genetic sequences from parents.

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30
Q

Blood cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is a fat-based chemical carried in lipoproteins. Conditions of high cholesterol are when cholesterol is not cleared from the bloodstream and can lead to poor HWB.

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31
Q

Blood pressure

A

The measurement of the pressure of blood in the arteries.

Hypertension leads the heart to work too hard which contributes to increase risk of heart failure which can reduce the blood flow to your hear thereby causing a heart attack.

32
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

High levels of plaque build-up in the arteries.

33
Q

Overweight

A

A condition in which a person’s weight is 10 to 20 per cent higher than ‘normal’, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 30.

34
Q

Obesity

A

A condition in which a person’s weight is 20 per cent or more above ‘normal’ weight, or they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.

35
Q

High BMI

A

High body mass index (BMI), or overweight and obesity is the presence of an excessive amount of body fat accumulation.

36
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

A

Considered “good” cholesterol. This is because HDL absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver where it can be removed from your bloodstream before it builds up in your arteries.

37
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

A

Considered “bad” cholesterol. This is because LDL cholesterol collects in the walls of arteries and can eventually narrow the passageways.

38
Q

Sociocultural factors that contribute to health status

A
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Income
  • Family
  • Social networks (social support / pees and community)
  • (cultural, beliefs, affordability)
39
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to health status

A
  • Climate change
  • Natural disasters
  • Infrastructure
  • Recreational facilities (parks, paths, sports grounds)
  • Housing (shelter, infrastructure)
  • Geographic location (schools, shops, healthcare)
  • Workplace (temp safety, sun exposure, labour intensive)
  • Public transport
  • Access to healthcare
40
Q

Air, water, and sanitation quality

A

Unsafe water, non-functioning sanitation systems, increase infectious diseases (influenze, pneumonia, meningitis), smoking more prevalent.

41
Q

Workplace

A

The place an individual is employed to conduct labour for compensation. The type of work and the tasks involved influence a worker’s risk of physical injury and illness.

42
Q

Climate change and natural disasters

A

The warming earth and changing climate increase the risk of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, bushfires, or severe storm therefore affecting health and wellbeing.

43
Q

Body weight (males and females)

A

A higher proportion of males compared to females are obese or overweight with the greatest number of males.

44
Q

Hormone release (males and females)

A

Oestrogen can play a protective role against cardiovascular disease. However, oestrogen production also plays a role in the development of osteoporosis (after menopause).

The level of testosterone in males is also thought to be a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease

45
Q

Workplace (males and females)

A

Men are more likely than women to be employed in high-risk jobs, where they are exposed to several different hazards that may impact their health status which may happen cumulatively or immediately

46
Q

Energy-dense foods

A

Foods that have a lot of energy but no other nutrients (e.g. chocolate, lollies)

47
Q

Air, water, and sanitation quality (ATSI)

A

Due to poor quality housing, Indigenous Australians experience higher levels of unsafe drinking water and non-functioning sanitation systems, increasing the prevalence of infectious diseases such as influenza and pneumonia. Due to the high rates of tobacco use, passive smoking exposure for children is high for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.

48
Q

Health literacy

A

The ability to obtain, interpret and understand basic health information and services in ways that enhance health. Those with a low level of education may have difficulty understanding the content and applying information to their own specific situation.

49
Q

Tobacco smoking

A

The practise of inhaling tobacco smoke into the mouth, and then releasing it. Many of the chemicals in tobacco are carcinogens which causes normal cells in the body to change their behaviour and become cancerous.

50
Q

Tobacco smoking and cardiovascular disease

A

The nicotine in cigarettes also stimulates the body to produce adrenaline, which makes the heartbeat faster and raises blood pressure which increases the likelihood of a heart attack.

51
Q

Tobacco smoking and cancer

A

Tobacco includes chemicals such as nitrosamines that cause DNA damage. It is the DNA in all cells that controls how the cell works and replicates. Therefore, if the DNA is damaged cell multiplication and replication can go wrong, increasing the risk of abnormal and uncontrollable cell growth and the development of cancerous tumours.

52
Q

Alcohol and obesity

A

Alcohol adds additional kilojoules to the normal diet increasing energy intake. If excess kilojoules are not used as energy, then the kilojoules will be stored as body fat (adipose tissue), increasing the risk of a person becoming overweight and/ or obese.

53
Q

Alcohol and cardiovascular disease

A

Long-term use of excessive amounts of alcohol can cause high blood pressure, some types of cardiac failure, stroke and other circulatory problems, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

54
Q

Alcohol and cancer

A

Alcohol causes cancer by damaging the genetic material and functioning of cells, which results in abnormal cell growth that can invade or spread to other parts of the body.

55
Q

Alcohol and pregnancy

A

Alcohol in the mother’s bloodstream crosses the placenta and enters the baby’s blood stream, causing premature birth and low birthweight, interfering with normal growth

56
Q

Carcinogenic

A

A substance causing cancer

57
Q

High BMI and type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Excess body fat seems to trigger the release of certain proteins from fat cells that negatively affect the secretion of insulin. This leads to a fluctuation of insulin and blood glucose levels, and over a long period of time can overwork the pancreas and lead to impaired glucose regulation, which is a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

58
Q

High BMI and cancer

A

Obesity is thought to increase the risk of cancer as having more fat tissue, or adipose tissue, which is believed to produce excess amounts of oestrogen and increase the risk of breast, endometrial or ovarian cancer.

59
Q

High BMI and cardiovascular disease

A

Abdominal fat is often associated with increased cholesterol levels and a build-up of plaque, which narrows and hardens arteries (atherosclerosis) reducing blood supply. This requires the heart to work harder at circulating the blood around the body, increasing hypertension. Consequently, the risk of cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease and stroke is increased.

60
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A metabolic disease in which the body cannot maintain normal blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels result from defective insulin secretion, insulin action or both.

61
Q

High intake of salt

A

Increased sodium levels in the body result in excess fluid being withdrawn from the cells in the body, leading to increased blood volume. This means the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body (through the blood vessels) which is a risk factor for hypertension (high blood pressure).

62
Q

High intake of salt and osteoporosis

A

High consumption of salt is also linked to greater excretion of calcium in the urine, leading to loss of calcium that is actually needed for a range of body functions, including maintaining bone density. This calcium loss can therefore increase the risk of osteoporosis. The more calcium that is excreted from the body, the less there will be available for the bones to use in the continual process of rebuilding new bone cells.

63
Q

Iron-deficiency anaemia

A

A condition where there is insufficient haemoglobin in the red blood cells to carry oxygen to the cells to meet the body’s needs. This means the red blood cells have to work harder to move oxygen around the body.

64
Q

Low intake of iron and disease

A

A low intake of dietary sources of iron will lead to a decline and depletion in the body’s iron stores, which results in an iron deficiency. A low iron intake is a risk factor for iron-deficiency anaemia which can lead to a range of symptoms including fatigue, tiredness, dizziness and decreased immunity.

65
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to the tissues, which need oxygen to maintain basic life functions and energy production.

66
Q

The risk of high cholesterol

A

As a consequence of a diet high in fat, too much cholesterol in the bloodstream can lead to fatty deposits building up in the blood vessels, narrowing the arteries making it harder for blood to flow and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

67
Q

High intake of fat and obesity

A

Fats consumed in high amounts on a regular basis will increase the number of excess kilojoules being stored by the body and will increase the presence of body fat (i.e., adipose tissue). If the intake of foods high in fat is prolonged, then storage of body fat will continue to increase leading to overweight and obesity.

68
Q

High intake of sugar and cardiovascular disease

A

Diets with a high sucrose load have been found to raise blood triglyceride levels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

69
Q

High intake of sugar and dental caries

A

A high intake of added sugars in food and drinks increases the risk of developing tooth decay, or dental caries. Bacteria within the plaque on teeth digest the sugar in the mouth for energy.As a result, the bacteria release an acid, which gradually dissolves the enamel in the teeth, creating tooth decay.

70
Q

Low intake of fibre and colorectal cancer

A

Fibre absorbs water in the intestine and adds softness and bulk to the faeces. This allows the muscles of the bowel to push the faeces more easily along the digestive tract. It has been suggested that faster elimination of faeces may prevent cancer agents from lingering against the bowel wall.

71
Q

Low intake of fibre and cardiovascular disease

A

A low-fibre intake can increase blood cholesterol levels as insoluble fibre lowers blood cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids and removing them from the body.

72
Q

Underconsumption of vegetables and cancer

A

A reduction in the consumption of vegetables reduces the quantity of fibre in the diet and therefore the ability to add bulk to faeces and regulate bowel movements, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer.

73
Q

Underconsumption of vegetables and cardiovascular disease

A

A reduction in vegetable consumption reduces the levels of antioxidants in the body and this can increase the risk of plaque build-up in the arteries (i.e., atherosclerosis), increasing coronary heart disease.

74
Q

Underconsumption of fruit and cardiovascular disease

A

Underconsumption of fruit has been shown to increase blood pressure and decrease adequate intake of potassium decreasing heart health.

75
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A decrease in bone density and strength that results in increased susceptibility to bone fractures or porous bones.

76
Q

Under consumption of dairy foods and osteoporosis

A

An under-consumption of dairy foods will reduce calcium intake and prevent bones from developing to peak bone mass. It is important for an individual to achieve a high peak bone mass during youth and early adulthood. A person with a high bone mass at this time will be more likely to maintain their bone mass at a level that will prevent fractures from occurring when age-related loss begins.

Health and Human (4 decks)

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