Unit 3 Aos 2 Flashcards
ADG Guideline 1
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
ADG Guideline 2
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups every day.
ADG Guideline 3
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
ADG Guideline 3a
Limit intake of foods high in saturated fat such as many biscuits, cakes, pastries, pies, processed meats, commercial burgers, pizza, fried food
ADG Guideline 3b
Limit intake of foods and drinks containing added salt.
ADG Guideline 3c
Limit intake of foods and drinks containing added sugars such as confectionary, sugar-sweetened soft drinks and cordials, fruit drinks, vitamin waters, energy and sports drinks.
ADG Guideline 3d
If you choose to drink alcohol, limit intake. For women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy or breastfeeding, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.
ADG Guideline 4
Encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding
ADG Guideline 5
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.
Strengths of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG)
Provides evidence-based advice on healthy eating habits to promote the potential benefits of healthy eating to reduce the risk of diet-related diseases
Educates individuals about the types and amounts of foods required to satisfy nutritional requirements.
List two limitations of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG)
Assume a certain level of nutritional knowledge of certain terms (i.e., wide variety, low fat, eat plenty);
Recommendations are for generally healthy people in the population therefore may be some people (i.e., the frail elderly, preterm infants, those with specific medical conditions. And increased nutritional needs) for whom these recommendations are unsuitable.
Nutrition Australia
A non-government, non-profit, community-based organisation that is Australia’s primary community nutrition education body, providing scientifically based nutrition information to encourage all Australians to achieve optimal health and wellbeing through food variety and physical activity.
non-government organisations
Have specialised knowledge of the specific issues or population groups they represent. They act as policy advocates, lobbying the government on behalf of the community.
National nutrition week
- An annual week that runs each year in the week of World Food Day
- Encourage Australians to increase vegetable consumption, a number of activities are hosted in early childhood services, schools and workplaces in relation to increasing vegetable intake.
Fruit and Vegetable Consortium (FVC)
Key organizations coordinated by Nutrition Australia that works towards improving the supply and consumption of fruit and vegetables. It does this by curating a resource hub that includes guidelines, evidence and resources
Workshops and programs
Various services offered by Nutrition Australia in workplace to promote health and wellbeing in relation to food and nutrition.
Healthy lunchbox week
A national initiative that aims to promote healthy eating among children, through aiming to inspire parents to create healthy lunchboxes that their children will enjoy. The initiative provides online nutritious recipes that are quick and easily made at home, fact sheets and videos to increase knowledge on contents to include in lunchboxes.
Healthy eating pyramid
Sets out the types of food that should be eaten everyday as well as the proportions of our intake if we want to ensure good health for Australian’s aged between 19 and 50 years specifically. It categorises the different types of foods people should eat, and the proportion that these foods should take up in the daily diet for good health.
List the factors that contribute to challenges in bringing about change in dietary intake
Personal factors, sociocultural, biological, and environmental influences.
List sociocultural influences
Income, culture, family and peers, attitudes and beliefs, education (knowledge and skills), and media.
List personal factors
Personal taste preferences, meal patterns.
List biological influences
Age, sex, and stress levels.
List environmental influences
Food availability and security, weather and climate, availability of food, and cooking facilities.
The ‘tailored approach instead of a one-size-fits all’ approach in the way of addressing challenges in bringing about dietary change
A ‘one-size-fits all’ approach as it cannot successfully be applied to the wider population and address so many different influences. a tailored approach is required for successful change. a comprehensive, long-term approach is required that encompasses a range of strategies, including education, provision of information, legislative changes, and restrictive measures.
Involvement of all stakeholders as a challenge involved in addressing influences to bring about dietary change
Bringing about dietary change in a population requires a strategic plan that involves all sectors of society. However, some of the key stakeholders cannot see the benefits of changing dietary intake, especially as it may result in negative outcomes for them (e.g., a loss of profit for a food manufacturer).
Availability of interventions as a challenge involved in addressing influences to bring about dietary change
Another challenge in creating dietary change for both health professionals and the public is creating campaigns that incorporate practical solutions in a way that is affordable for all stakeholders.
Ottawa Charter
Outlines guidelines to help organisations and key stakeholders incorporate healthy promotion ideas into strategies, policies, and campaigns. It is a method adopted by Australia as a means or promoting health.
Building healthy public policy (B-Bad)
Relates directly to decisions made by governments and organisations about laws and policies that directly affect health (e.g., health sector, workplace and school policies). Examples of these policies include healthier environments (i.e., banning smoking), influencing behaviour (e.g., compulsory wearing of seat belts), and removing the GST (i.e., tax) on unprocessed foods.
Strengthen community actions (S-Smell)
The community working together to achieve a common goal. The more people working together towards a common goal, the greater the chance of success. Communities work together to identify and set health priorities, and plan and implement strategies to achieve better health. For example, the government immunisations scheme, results in higher immunisation rates.
Create supportive environments (C-Cats)
A supportive environment is one that promotes health and assists people in making healthy lifestyle choices. It aims to provide a healthy physical environment through providing shaded areas in schools and investing in sustainable energy production. It aims to provide a healthy social environment through supporting smokers to quit and aiding in a fulfilling social life.
Develop personal skills (D-Dead)
Education is a key aspect of this priority area. People gain knowledge and skills necessary to make decisions that will affect their health. People who have knowledge and life skills have greater control over their lives and choices to enhance health. For example, talking to people to resolve conflict rather than using violence.
Reorient health services (R-Rats)
Movement away from the biomedical model to one that promotes health and prevents ill health. A health system that reflects the Social Model of Health must therefore address all the determinants of health, not just disease. This requires a shift towards health promotion. Doctors take on a role of educator or provide preventative health care messages not just curative care.
List the factors that can promote road safety
Safer roads, safer drivers, safer vehicles, and safer road laws
Road users
Can include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, motor vehicle passengers, motor vehicle drivers and users of on-road public transport such as buses or trams.
Road safety
Refers to any action taken, or modification made to prevent road users from being injured or losing their lives.
Using three examples, explain why road safety is targeted
Some population groups such as younger drivers, males and those in rural areas are more likely to be affected by road accidents;
Deaths from transport accidents are preventable;
Road crashes have a significant economic impact on the Australian Government and those who are injured due to the cost of treatment, rehabilitation, social security payments, lost productivity, cost of care and lost income
List two health promotions to address road safety
Towards Zero, and Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP)
Towards Zero
A road safety health promotion that attempts to save as many lives as possible through reducing serious road injuries, community approach, everyone must take responsibility. A system of absorbing drivers mistakes.
Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP)
Provides information on protection level of each vehicle model, through crash testing. Then awarded a safety rate between 1-5 in regard to a crash. Aims to improve purchasing decisions, and for manufacturers to make safer cars.
List the strategies for health promotion outlined by the Ottawa Charter
Enable, mediate, and advocate
Enable
Ensuring equal resources (i.e., education, and employment) and opportunities are available to all people to allow them to achieve equal and fullest health potential.
Mediate
Resolve conflict to produce outcomes that promote health. Additionally it refers to professional and social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the pursuit of health.
Advantages of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
- Provides access to essential medication at a subsidised rate or in some cases no cost
- Enables access to medications from local pharmacies and doesn’t require medications to be purchased from specialized services
- Includes PBS safety net and the RPBS that further protect people from the high cost of medication.
Advocate
Actions that seek to gain support to make changes to improve health determinants for everyone.
Disadvantages of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
- Places a significant financial burden on the Commonwealth Government
- Does not generally cover all medications
- For most Australians, there is still a co-payment of $30.00
How PBS is funded
The PBS is funded by the Commonwealth Government through taxes.
Reasons to take out private health insurance
- Give choice of being treated in private hospital (they can choose which one)
- Choose the doctor that treats them
- Possible entitle private room
- Reduce waiting period for non-emergency procedures in private hospitals
List the two reasons why we need private health insurance
To support the public health system, and to support all Australians.
Premiums
The amount you pay for your health insurance every month.
What are Medicare’s 3 objectives?
To make healthcare more affordable for all Australians;
To give all Australians access to healthcare services with priority according to clinical need;
To provide a high quality of care
Medicare
A universal healthcare system funded by the federal government that aims to improve access to healthcare for all Australians in need of treatment regardless of age, by providing free or subsidised treatment.
Bulk billing
When the doctor bills Medicare directly therefore accepting the Medicare payment as full payment for the service so there is no cost to the patient.
Schedule fee
A fee set for a service by the Australian Government.
Medicare safety net
A protective measure designed by the federal government to avoid patients having to pay high medical costs which covers a range of out-of-hospital costs (e.g. ultrasounds, blood tests, and x-rays) and provides reimbursement of 100% of the MBS fee for out-of-hospital services once the relevant threshold has been reached.
3 services provided by Medicare
- Free/subsidised treatment by health professionals such as doctor’s consultation fees as often as needed
- Optometrist’s eye tests
- Most procedures peformed by general practitioners (GP)
- Tests and examinations that are needed to treat illness, including x-rays and pathology tests
Services not provided by Medicare
- General/most dental examinations and treatments
- Ambulance services
- Most allied health services: physiotherapy, speech pathology, occupational therapy, chiropractic services, podiatry/psychology services
- Hearing aids, contact lenses and glasses
Advantages of Medicare
- Being able to access essential healthcare as a public patient with little or no cost
- Being able to receive treatment by a GP for little or no cost
- Being able to receive a range of tests at subsidised cost
- Available to all Australian citizens, regardless of age/income
Disadvantages of medicare
- Places significant financial burden on Commonwealth Government
- May be long waiting lists, especially for less essential treatments
- Generally does no cover the cost of allied health services
- Often gap amounts or out of pockets for individuals
- Individuals don’t have a choice of doctor or timing
2% Medicare levy
levy paid by most taxpayers, based on taxable income, addition to general income tax
Medicare Levy Surcharge
additional amount paid from those without private health insurance, surcharge between 1 and 1.5 cent of total income for a taxpayer who earns above 90k and families 180k
Medicare Benefits Scheme (MBS)
A schedule of fees for a range of services that is set by the federal government, and the percentage contribution from Medicare.
Private health insurance
Private health insurance is a subscription or policy for which a person pays to provide them with different levels of cover. Private health insurance can provide individuals with additional healthcare services to those provided by Medicare in the form of ‘extras’ which are dependent on the level of cover an individual takes out
List all the private health insurance incentive schemes
Private health insurance rebate , medicre levy surcharge, lifetime health cover, and an age based discount.
Advantages of private health insurance
- Help government to address increasing costs of Medicare
- If extra policies are purchased, individual can access winder range of services not covered by Medicare
- May result in short waiting times, can select own doctor
Disavantages of private health insurance
- Costly for individuals and families to pay for private health covert
- Can be out of pocket costs for some services
- Maybe a qualifying or waiting period for some procedures
- Individuals may feel they are paying for unnecessary services
Private health insurance rebate
Australians with private health insurance receive a rebate from the government to help cover the cost of their premiums.
Lifetime health cover
Anyone who doesn’t have PHI before July 1 on 31st birthday but then takes it out later on will pay additional 2% loading for each age year over 30. maximum 70% loading.
Age-based discount
Individuals aged 18-29 receive a discount on hospital premiums of 2% for each year that a person is aged under 30 when they first purchase eligible hospital cover, up to a maximum of 10 per cent.
The National disability insurance scheme (NDIS)
The Commonwealth Government’s new way of providing individualized support for those who are born with or acquire a permanent disability, families or careers. NDIS will fund reasonable and necessary supports/services that relate to a person’s disability in order for goals to be reached and improved quality of life.
Funding the NDIS
- A national based scheme with governance, funding and decision making shared among all levels of government in Australia.
- People are eligible for NDIS who are under the age of 65, and suffer from permanent or significant disability
Examples of things the NDIS will help people with disability do
Access mainstream services and supports, including healthcare, education, public housing, aged care, and the justice system;
Access community services and supports, including sporting clubs, libraries, charities, and community groups;
Reasonable and necessary support (NDIS)
REASONABLE support: support is most appropriately funded or provided through the NDIS
NECESARRY support: means something a person needs that is related to their disability
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Describe how Medicare promotes health in terms of sustainability
By Medicare only covering essential healthcare services, and not providing services for elective surgery or most allied health services it provides care to what is deemed medically necessary without incurring additional expenses helping the needs of the current generation but also ensuring Australia will be able to support the health needs of future generations financially.
Describe how the PBS promotes health in terms of sustainability
Medications that are efficient in treating conditions are added to the PBS which may contribute to reducing the cost of the wider health system by preventing the development of serious conditions and therefore reducing the need for hospital stays or demands on the healthcare system.
Describe how private health insurance promotes health in terms of sustainability
Private health insurance is economically sustainable because it helps to meet the healthcare needs of the current generation through placing less burden on the public system.
Describe how the NDIS promotes health in terms of sustainability
By introducing and implementing the NDIS over the span of 3 years this ensures its able to be a durable service benefiting, assisting, and promoting the health of those with a disability in this generation but also for future generations during the course of their lives.
Describe how private health insurance promotes health in terms of access
Private health insurance also improves access for patients who rely on the public system as by treating some people in private hospitals, it reduces the waiting times in public hospitals, meaning people can access the treatment they need sooner.
Describe how the PBS promotes health in terms of access
The PBS provides access to medication at local pharmacies which can promote access because individuals are able to get the medication, they need without location acting as a barrier to necessary treatment.
Describe how Medicare promotes health in terms of access
Medicare allows an individual to be able to select their own doctor for out-of-hospital services, which makes such services more accessible because people will have the ability to select a doctor in their local area and will also be able to select a doctor who meets their social or cultural needs which will help people to feel more comfortable in seeking healthcare.
Describe how the NDIS promotes health in terms of access
The NDIS aims to ensure that Australians with a disability receive the reasonable and necessary funded support required for them to financially access all the services they need to live their life.
Access
Individuals being able to make use of a particular service without barriers such as location, knowledge, time, or costs.
Describe how Medicare promotes health in terms of equity
Medicare includes a safety net to protect those who experience higher costs of healthcare, those who have concession cards and big families from large out-of-pocket costs for healthcare services, thus providing extra support to those who need it most.
Describe how the PBS promotes health in terms of equity
The PBS also includes a safety net to protect those who suffer chronic illness, those who need many medications or expensive medications, those who have concessions cards and large families from large out-of-pocket costs for PBS medications, thus providing extra support to those who need it most
Describe how private health insurance promotes health in terms of equity
The Medicare levy surcharge protects those who earn less from paying a levy if they cannot afford private health insurance meaning that higher income earners are encouraged to take out private health insurance, which reduces the burden on the public hospital system, meaning that those who cannot afford private health insurance have better access to the public hospital system.
Describe how the NDIS promotes health in terms of equity
Through ensuring that people with a disability and their carers receive full access to the support they need, the NDIS promotes equity because more resources are being provided to support those who need help the most.
Public health
A collaborative approach, or the organised response by society to promote health, prevent injury illness and disability and prolong life through health care that is done at a government or state level. It is the health of a population as a whole, especially as monitored, regulated, and promoted by the state through implementing interventions.
Old public health
An organised approach to try to address the environmental issues and public hygiene that were contributing to ill-health. Additionally aimed to improve access to toilets, sanitation, clean water, improve living conditions as these factors were essential for preventing illness. Thus, focused on specific medical interventions to treat a specific illness.
Provide 4 examples of the biomedical healthcare
Blood tests to diagnose illness, x-rays to diagnose fractures, surgery for patients with heart disease, and chemotherapy to treat cancer.
Strengths of the biomedical model of health
Life expectancy extended, quality of life improved
Leads to significant advances in medical technology and research
Most people and conditions can be treated and ‘cured’
Limitations of the biomedical model of health
The ‘fix-it’ approach doesn’t promote good health (doesn’t focus on the cause or how to prevent it)
Relies on costly medical technology and practitioners
Not all conditions can be treated or cured
Biomedical model of health
Focuses on physical or biological aspects of disease. A medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professions, associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
New public health
Increased awareness in how the role of lifestyle factors play in influencing our health. Distinguished by its extensive understanding in how living conditions determine health status. Recognition of the need to have equity. Organised response by society to protect/promote health to prevent injury, illness and disability.
List the 5 principles of the social model of health (AREAS)
Acts to enable access to healthcare, reduces social inequalities, empower individuals and communities, addresses broader determinants of health, and inter-sectorial collaboration
Acts to enable access to healthcare
Involves providing health services and promotion that is affordable, accessible, and relevant to people’s needs in a culturally appropriate manner (e.g., address the social and environmental barriers that may restrict someone’s ability to access healthcare, such as location, or income).
Reduce social inequalities
Reducing the inequities that exist in relation to the health status and provision of health services due to factors such as gender, age, race, SES, location, and physical environment (e.g., reduce the barriers that may prevent people from experiencing good health such as income, race, or gender).
Empower individuals and communities
Involves providing knowledge, understanding, and information to empower individuals to participate in decision making about their health – education is a key component (e.g., give people the knowledge and skills needed to allow them to participate in the decisions that positively impact their health).
Addresses broader determinants of health
All social, environmental, and economic factors impact on health. Factors include gender, income, and culture (e.g., focus on more than the behaviour factors).
Inter-sectoral collaboration
The public and private sector working together in coordinated action to improve health outcomes of all (e.g., government and non-government groups working together to address barriers and improve health outcomes for all).
Strengths of the social model of health
Aimed at population level, more cost effective
Encourages good health through disease prevention, before illness occurs
Can be targeted to vulnerable population group
Limitations of the social model of health
Doesn’t assist those who are already sick
Relies on individual’s making good choices, however some may ignore health promotion messages
Not all illnesses or conditions can be prevented such as asthma
Social model of health
A conceptual framework which improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing efforts towards addressing the social, cultural, economic and environmental determinants of health. The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic
Describe the relationship between the biomedical model and social model of health
Immunisation has been one of the most successful and effective health-prevention strategies and is a social model of health, the success of this program would not have been possible without the involvement of the biomedical approach to health, which played an important role in researching disease, developing an effective antigen for each one and creating the vaccine.
Advances in medical technology
MRI scanning, CT scanning, Genetic screening, pharmaceuticals (ace inhibitors, tamoxifen, statins), medical procedures (gene therapy, organ transplants)
Advantages of technology
A wider range of alternative treatment options;
More common and more accurate diagnosis and therefore earlier and more specific treatment;
New technology may lead to increased survival rates for diseases such as cancer
Disadvantages of medical technology
Equity regarding availability;
The advances are often driven by the pharmaceutical industry and technology companies rather than the healthcare industry;
Ethical considerations, and cost;
