Unit 4 - American Expansion Flashcards
1800-1848 10-17%
Explain the
Revolution of 1800
4
Refers to the presidential election of 1800: Thomas Jefferson represented the Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic Republicans) while John Adams represented the Federalists. Adam loses absolutely, but Jefferson ends up tying with Aaron Burr in electoral votes.
The tiebreaking vote goes to the House of Representatives, where Hamilton advocated for Jefferson despite their rivalry because he hated Burr and thought he was completely unfit for presidency.
- Jefferson gets more votes in the House, becomes president
- Leads to the 12th Amendment
Analyze the
12th Amendment
4
- ratified in 1804, produced in response to the Revolution of 1800
- mandates that seperate votes must be cast for the presidential and vice presidential positions, allowed candidates to run as a team
This solidified the role and presence of political parties, as it led to the development of president and vice president “teams” that campaigned by presenting themselves as compatible for eachother in office given their similar beliefs and shared political affiliations.
Made party affiliation basically crucial if a candidate wanted to win and appeal to the people of the United States.
Explain the
Judiciary Act of 1801
4
Act passed by Congress that increased the amount of federal judges in the US
John Adams (served 1797-1801) rushed to fill in these positions with people of his political party, federalists, as his term was almost over. He literally appointed them up until midnight the day his term would end, so they are called Midnight Judges.
Led to Marbury vs. Madison Supreme Court Case.
What are
Midnight Judges?
4
The 16 judges that John Adams appointed following the Judiciary Act of 1801 right before the end of his presidential term.
Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize their appointments, since they were federalists and he was a Democratic Republican, which led to the Marbury vs. Madison case.
Analyze the significance of
John Marshall
4
One of the Midnight Judges.
- served on Supreme Court from 1801-1835 as Chief Justice
- Federalist from Virginia
- Amplified the Supreme Court’s authority (remember, he’s a federalist) and developed the practice of judicial review, which is not a power granted to the Supreme Court by the Constitution
- Dealt w/ Marbury vs. Madison case
Analyze
Marbury vs. Madison
4
- Marbury was appointed by Adams as a Midnight Judge, as a justice of the peace
- Madison, the new Secretary of State under Jefferson, refused to give Marbury the commission for his position
- Marbury brought his case to the Supreme Court based on Article III Section 2 of the Judiciary Act of 1789
- Marshall Court ruled that Marbury had the right to his commission, and that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it gave the Supreme Court the ability to issue Writs of Mandamus, which are issues that demand a government worker fulfill his/her job appropriately or fix an error in their conduct, which extends past the powers granted the Supreme Court in the Constitution. They merely had the ability to rule the Judicial Act of 1789 unconstitutional and declare that Marbury had right to his commission, but could not enforce it themselves through a Writ of Mandamus.
- Because Marshall declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional (the first time this had happened), the power of judicial review was established
Analyze the
Pickney’s Treaty
4
1795 treaty between the US and Spain that gave the US full access to the Mississippi River and the New Orleans Port.
This was important because the New Orleans Port was a major trade port, and the Mississippi River was used to transport goods, both of which supported the US economy.
Explain the significance of
Napoleon Bonaparte
4
Leader of France from 1799 to 1815. Led France into Napoleonic wars because of his desire for expansion, wanted to own the US and dominate Europe.
Explain the significance of
Napoleon III
4
The first president of France from 1852-1870. Left Maximiliam to govern Mexico w/ a French Army, but Lincoln requested that French troops leave Mexico and Napoleon III ignored the request.
Finally withdrew due to strong Mexican resistance to French rule there, an action strongly supported by the US.
Explain the significance of
Aaron Burr
4
- leader of the Democratic Republicans during his time
- from New York, served in Senate representing NY during the 1790s
- Tied w/ Jefferson in presidential election of 1800, (Revolution of 1800), led to 12th Amendment
- became vice president under Jefferson, but he killed Hamilton in a pistol duel in 1804 so he was wanted for murder and couldn’t exactly continue in his position after that
- Arrested for treason
- Burr conspiracy: was bitter bc he was innefectual as vice president since Jeffeson was the polar opposite of him, and conspired to carve out an independent nation from the southwestern states of the United States in response. Was captured in 1807 by federal troops, went on trial in Virginia in Marshall’s Court, but was acquitted because of the Constitution’s very narrow definition of treason (attempting to overthrow the government, going to war against the government, or aiding the US’ enemies in war)
Explain the
Empire of Liberty
4
It’s a term used and coined by Thomas Jefferson.
- used to develop the idea of the US’ responsibility to expand and spread freedom globally through example, expansion, and intervention
- can be connected with Manifest Destiny
Analyze the
Louisiana Purchase
4
1803 purchase of 827,000 acres of land from France for about $15 million dollars
- doubled the US territory
- expanded US territory past Mississippi River, which had become crucial for US commerce and its economy alongside the New Orleans Port
- negotiated by Robert Livingston and James Monroe
- created new concerns and tensions over whether the new territoru would be free or slave territory
- created new conflicts with the natives in the Louisiana Purchase area
Napoleon was having trouble governing distant territories and needed money because of the Napoleonic Wars.
Analyze the
Lewis and Clark Expedition
4
1804-1806 expedition into the new Louisiana territory and even further west that was commissioned by Jefferson to explore and become familiar with the west, as well as find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
- William Clark and Meriwether Lewis was accompanied by US Army volunteers who gathered new info, a unit that was called the Corps of Discovery
- on their way they found a native woman, Sacagawea, who was crucial for translation and their good relations with the tribed they encountered
Resulted in the discovery and documentation of over 300 new animal and plant species.
What was
Thomas Jefferson’s campgain motto?
4
“Jefferson and Liberty”
- though the liberty under his policies only extended to white men
Explain
Jefferson’s vision for America
4
- wanted to not become the equivalent of Britain, but rather be completely self-sufficient
- desired to develop an agrarian society where everyone had their own plots of land, their own farms, and produced their own food, textiles, etc.
- strict interpretist
- conflicted with Hamilton’s vision for America
Explain the causes of the
War of 1812
4
Britain was at war with France and kept impressing American sailors to supply their navy. It was disrupting US economic activity overseas.
Who were the
War Hawks?
4
They were a small group of Democratic Republicans led by Henry Clay in Congress who desired to resolve American grievances with Britain due to impressment of American soldiers with military action.
- took offense to the British impressment of American sailors
- believed it was unjust because it stopped America from trading with foreign nations past Britain in Europe
Why did Americans fail to take Canadian land during the
War of 1812?
4
1) British citizens were content under British rule, and so they, alongside native allies, fought fiercely against the Americans
2) due to domestic disputes, American armies had poor leadership, were led by poor military strategy, and were divided, ultimately making their offensive missions weak
Evaluate the significance of the
Battle of New Orleans
4
Andrew Jackson was the military general leading an American army in the Battle of New Orleans, where his army killed over 2000 British soldiers and only lost about 70 of his own men. Even though the war was already being negotiated, it was happening overseas, so this battle was fought regardless since no word had reached the Americas about the Treaty of Ghent yet.
It led the US to go into the Era of Good Feelings because of the patriotic sentiment it produced.
Explain the
Treaty of Ghent
4
- basically declared stalemate between Britain and US in War of 1812
- established in 1814
- Britain would remove troops from the Northwest Ordinance
What caused the
end of the Federalist Party?
4
Because of the patriotism the Battle at New Orleans produced, there was a staunch contrast between the Federalists’ Hartford Convention in 1814, which sought to alter the Constitution by removing the 3/5 Compromise and other changes. Some of the members discussed the sucession of New England to be an independent nation, which caused controversy. It was seen as unpatriotic, so they kina dissolved as their efforts were unpopular.
The Era of Good Feelings patriotism did not like the Federalists’ efforts to fundamentally alter the Constitution of the United States.
