Unit 2 - Colonial Society Flashcards
1607-1754 6-8%
Analyze the significance of
mercantilism
2
Explain the significance of
joint stock companies
2
Companies with various shareholders to induce limited liability conditions, where if the company fails, everyone only bears a little bit of the loss. Used to fund exploration voyages and establish/maintain colonies.
Explain the significance of
Jamestown
2
What are some examples of
democratic self-governance
in the 13 colonies?
2
- Virignia House of Burgesses
- Town meetings in New England colonies
What is the
House of Burgesses?
2
What is the
Powhatan War?
2
Give examples and explain
conflicts between the colonies and tribes
2
Analyze the
Indian War of 1622
2
Analyze the
headright system
2
What is the significance of
tobacco?
2
Analyze the use of
indentured servants
in the colonies
2
Analyze
African Slavery in Virginia
2
Analyze
African Slavery in Barbados
2
Analyze
Chattel Slavery
and what cause it to gain popularity
2
Who are the
Iroquois?
2
A powerful native coalition of kinship tribes in the Northeast Woodlands. Used timber to make longhouses. Agricultural, w/ irrigation, relied on beans, maize, squash
Who are the
Pilgrims?
2
Extremely religious seperatists who were threatened with persecution in England, so they fled to Holland where there was more religious freedom - but many of them were farmers. Holland was more populated and didn’t allow the farmers to have their own land settlements, so the pilgrims negotiated for the Virginia Company and sailed over the Atlantic on the Mayflower to find land
Who are the
Puritans?
2
Religious people who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church, which they felt became too much like the Catholic church by adding ritualistic and task-based doctrine rather than focusing on exactly what the Bible says. They were not seperatists. Seperatists felt the Anglican Church was too far gone to reform and desired to start over.
Who is
John Winthrop
and what did he do?
2
Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 to be a “city on a hill” for what a religious society should look like. Was a Puritan.
Analyze the
Massachussetts Bay Colony
2
Settlement established by John Winthrop in 1630 to be an example of a religious society. Was a charter colony, formed by a joint-stock company, granted the right to be established by King Charles II in the Massachusetts Bay area. Had some representative government and political autonomy.
Who is
Anne Hutchinson
and why is she significant?
2
Who is
Roger Williams
and why is he significant?
2
Analyze the
Salem Witch Trials
2
Explain
town meetings
2
Analyze the
Puritan-Pequot War
2
Analyze
King Philip’s War
(Metacom’s War)
2
Explain the
fronteir war
2
Who was
Nathaniel Bacon
and why is he significant?
2
What are
Restoration Colonies?
2
What are
Bread Colonies?
2
What are
propietorships?
+ give examples
2
Who was
William Penn
and why was he significant?
2
Analyze the
Quakers
and their significance in the 13 colonies
2
Analyze the
Dominion of New England
2
Who was
John Locke
and why was he significant?
2
Analyze
Jacob Leisler’s Rebellion
2
Analyze the
Glorious Revolution
2
Analyze the
Navigation Acts
2
Explain the
English Toleration Act
of 1690
2
Shifted the requirements for franchise from requiring congregational membership, land ownership, race and gender to simply being based on land ownership, race and gender.
Analyze the
Anglo-Dutch War of 1653
2
Analyze the significance of
shipbuilding industries
in the early colonial era
2
What was the role of the 1696
Board of Trade?
2
An advisory board from English King Williams III to maintain rule over the colonies.
- oversaw colonial affairs
- established mercantilist policies to ensure favorable, profitable trade balance for metropole
Explain and give examples of
tribalization
2
Explain the
Covenant Chain
2
An example of tribalization.
New York’s alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy:
- gave Iroquois power over nearby tribes
- gave NY political and economic advantage over other colonies
What was the
Declaration of Rights?
2
Explain the significance of the
Middle Passage
2
Tightly packed journey in ships across the Atlantic that slaves took to get to the colonies. Many died from suffocation, disease, starvation. Slaves in transport were often in chains.
Analyze the
Stono Rebellion
(1739)
2
The biggest slave rebellion in the British colonies. Slaves in South Carolina raided a building for arms, killed over 70 whites, burnt houses. Ultimately quenched and resulted in even harsher treatment of slaves.
Led to the Negro Act of 1740 being passed by the General Assembly.
Explain the
Negro Act of 1740
2
Applied to South Carolina - passed by the General Assembly following the Stono Rebellion. Imposed a moratorium (temporary halt) on importing new slaves, and restricted slaves’ freedoms. They were officially forbidden from learning to write, to assemble, to be paid. Gave slave owners the right to kill rebellious slaves.
What is the
South Atlantic System?
2
Refers to the commercial arrangements over the Atlantic Ocean that produced tobacco, sugar, rice and other goods for the international market.
Explain the
justification for slavery through the religious lense
2
Europeans claimed that Africans were descendents of Canaan, the Biblical figure who was cursed to be a servant to his brothers for all his life because his father, Ham, told others about Noah’s drunkeness when he found him passed out because he overdrank wine.
Analyze the place slaves had in
early consumer culture
2
Slaves were an early byproduct of the developing consumer culture that revolved around producing and selling goods for pleasure rather than subsistence. The crops they farmed - tobacco, rice, sugar, coffee - were not needed for survival, but were cash crops.
What were
colonial assemblies?
2
Post-Glorious Revolution representative assemblies in the colonies with the purpose of counteracting crown authorities. They gained control over taxes, local appointments, but instead of becoming truly democratic they often resulted in the emergence of a class of elite colonial officials with political and economic power, especially in Virginia.
Analyze
Salutary Neglect
2
Was an unofficial policy approach that was very relaxed towrds enforcing policies. Ended after the Seven Years’ War. Meant that British authorities didn’t strictly enforce foreign trade and other laws intended to keep control of the colonies, like the Navigation Acts. Resulted in colonists not heeding the laws and operating with significant autonomy w/o true consequence. Major factor leading up to Revolutionary War, as they were angry when the Salutary Neglect period came to an end and they were suddenly controlled much more stringently.
-practiced by Robert Walpole
Who was
Robert Walpole?
2
The first British Prime Minister, in charge during the first half of the 18th century. Realized that the colonists’ illegal trade was benefitting Britain, so he practiced Salutary Neglect.
-one of his priorities was expanding Britain’s economic power
Analyze the
Molasses Act
(1733)
2
A British law that taxed sugar, molasses, and rum that was imported from non-British colonies to New England. Bypassed largely with bribes by the colonists, smuggling sugar and molasses. Significant bexause New England colonies relied on sugar/molasses to create rum, which was one of their important exports and helped fuel the slave trade by paying for slaves from Africa.
What were
land banks?
2
A colonial institution that printed and loaned money to farmers with liens. Disrupted after the Currency Act of 1764.
Analyze the
Currency Act
(1764)
2
It was a British policy that banned colonies from printing more paper money and it set up deadlines for retiring paper money they’d printed that was already in circulation.
It was enacted because British merchants and lenders feared the colonists would pay them back using depreciated money, and they wanted something done to prevent the depreciation of money.
It angered colonists, who were already burdened with a trade and money deficit due to mercantilist policies and printed money to stimulate their economies.
What were the two important works of John Locke?
2
Two Treatises on Government
Essay on Human Understanding
Explain
Natural Rights
2
Natural rights was a concept from the Enlightenment popularized by English philosopher John Locke. It claimed that simply for being human and alive, people had certain unalienable rights that could not be compromised. Locke insisted they were life, liberty, and property.
Explain the ideas promoted by
John Locke
and their significance
2
Natural rights - provided the colonists with a baseline they felt the Crown shouldn’t violate
Social contract: said government existed to serve the people, and to protect their rights. Justified the colonists’ revolution since they felt the British Crown was violating their rights by taxing them without proper representation.
Popular sovereignty: said the power was in the hands of the people, not a singular authority. Encouraged the development of democratic or republican governments.
Who was
Cotton Mather?
2
A minister from an important New England Puritan family. He believed in witches and encouraged/participated in the Salem Witch Trials.
He was one of the first people in America to advocate forms of innoculation by encouraging deliberate exposure to smallpox to promote immunity
Explain the significance of
Benjamin Franklin
2
He was a deist, which influenced his belief in personal responsibility and humans’ ability to reason and choose right vs. wrong rather than divine force forcing people to make decisions/appointments.
-author, inventor, diplomat, scientist, founding father, statesman
-entered politics around 1757 after the success of his highly popular book, Poor Richard’s Almanac, which had adages and common sense, witty quips. It was published in 1732.
-Signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783
-helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789)
-invented bifocal spectacles, the stove, the lightning rod
-proposed the Albany Plan in 1754 that desired to unite the 13 colonies for military, trade, and other purposes, but was rejected by the Crown and by the other colonies
-opposed to unnecessary taxation
Who was
George Whitfield?
2
A highly influential priest during the first Great Awakening. Led to the conversions of some natives and Africans. His message was that everyone was a sinner and needed to repent and ask for forgiveness personally from God, which lessened the importance of clergy in colonial America.
Narragansett Tribes
2
King Philip’s War
2
1622 Uprisings
2
Who was
Pocahantas?
2
Chief Powhatan’s daughter, who saved Englishman John Smith from being killed after he was captured by a tribe leader during the Powhatan War. She was also held for ransom in 1613 in an English settlement, but assimilated into English culture after marrying Englishman John Rolfe and converting to Christianity. She later moved to Europe, where disease killed her.
Who was
Chief Powhatan?
2
The leader of the approximately 30 Powhatan tribes in the general Chesapeake area when the English arrived in 1607. Helped the English bc he had survival skills they needed and they had guns he wanted, which increased his power.
Traded food and furs w/ English for textiles, iron tools, firearms. Leader during the Powhatan War.
Who was
John Rolfe?
2
Husband to Pocahantas.
Who were
Mary II and William II?
2
These were the leaders of the Constitutional Monarchy in England resulting from the Glorious Revolution, under whom citizens enjoyed increased protections and rights through the Declaration of Rights. They were less controlling than the absolute monarch James II, and yielded to the public’s rejection of the Dominion of England, allowing the colonies significantly increased political autonomy even under the newly established Board of Trade.
They still held the colonies to mercantilist standards that made them, primarily, tools for profit for England.
Explain the
Board of Trade
2
Served as an English advisory board for trade and colonial government, but was generally not very active, so the House of Burgesses and other colonial legislative bodies grew more independent and efficient, eventually contributing to the success of the American Revolution.
A new president of the Board of Trade in 1748 incited increased Board intervention and interest in colonial activities, but its power began to decline in the 1760s and 70s as the English Parliament, Privy Council and secretary of state for the colonies took on more involvement with colonial affairs and activities.
What are
frigates
and what role did they play in 1664?
2
A type of warship.
In 1664, the English sent 4 frigates to Amsterdam to essentially threaten military conflict with the Dutch there if the Dutch refused to yield their settlements and the territory.
This was ultimately successful, leading to the English taking over New Amsterdam and renaming it New York.
What was
New York
before the English established it?
2
New Amsterdam; it was taken by force from the Dutch.
Why did New Amsterdam attract settlers?
2
It held good work opportunities, and because the Dutch were merely interested in the settlement for mercenary benefits, women, Africans, Jews, and Quakers were all treated similarly and valued similarly by the Dutch, providing a refuge from intense discrimination.
