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Crime and Delinquency > UNIT 4 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

tax fraud

felony

A

an attempt to evade or defeat a tax
nonpayment of a tax
willful filing of a fraudulent tax return

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2
Q

the defendant’s awareness that he or she had no right to kill but intended to kill anyway

A

malice

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3
Q

burglars and thieves depend on a network of ______ to turn stolen property into cash

A

fences

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4
Q

a person has caused the death of another unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that endangered another person’s life.

A

involuntary manslaughter

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5
Q

Police responding to domestic disturbance calls typically do not make an arrest unless …

A

the assailant is drunk, has caused serious injury, or has assaulted the officers.

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6
Q

involves receiving stolen property

A

Fencing

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7
Q

Serial killers are… ____ ___ ___ ___

A

sociopaths, not mentally insane.

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8
Q

The taxes that go uncollected each year are estimated to exceed ___ ______

A

$100 billion.

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9
Q

Auto insurance scheme:

All parties to the “accident” are part of the scheme

A

intended accidents

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10
Q

Until recently, spousal abuse was perceived as a problem more of ____ ____ than of criminal justice.

A

social service

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11
Q

Why is churning so difficult to prove?

A

Brokers typically are allowed some discretion (freedom of choice).
Therefore, unless the client has given the broker specific instructions in writing, a claim of churning often amounts to no more than the client’s word against the broker’s.

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12
Q

Over the past 50 years, there has been a nearly ____ _____ in the number of massacres, to between 7 – 8 annually.

A

tenfold increase

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13
Q

a resort to violence or a threat of violence on the part of a group seeking to accomplish a purpose against the opposition of constituted authority.

A

terrorism

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14
Q

a violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise

A

white collar crime

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15
Q

How do gang homicides differ from non-gang homicides?

A

ethnicity [more likely to be intra-ethnic]
age [gang killers are five years younger]
number of participants [2½ times as many participants]
relationship between the participants [gang killers are twice as likely not to know their victims]

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16
Q

Examples:
Medicare fraud
Misuse of clients’ funds by lawyers and brokers
Substitution of inferior goods

A

occupational crimes

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17
Q

In an attempt to protect people from their own greed, a few fraud statutes have included a statutory offense called ______ _____.

A

confidence game

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18
Q

During the first five years of its existence, the EPA referred only ___ cases to the U.S. Department of Justice for criminal prosecution

A

130

only 6 of those involved major corporate offenders
The government actually charged only one of the corporations

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19
Q

____ _____ known about the extent of economic criminality in the United States (it is worse in other countries).

A

Very little

There is no national database for the assessment of corporate criminality
Corporations are not likely to release information about their own wrongdoing.

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20
Q

Over __% of all corporations convicted in federal court over the past two decades had fewer than __ employees.

A

90, 50

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21
Q

The US ranks 3 (out of 73 countries) for the number of murders committed by _____

A

youths

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22
Q

three categories of criminal homicide

A

murder
manslaughter
negligent homicide

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23
Q

Many homicidal victims had actually ____ _____ _____ _____ that led to the homicidal response, in either a direct or subliminal way.

A

initiated the social interaction

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24
Q

The murder rate in the United States is

A

high, but steadily declining

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25
Q

types of assault

A

Simple assault: inflicts little or no physical hurt

2. Felonious assault (aggravated assault): the perpetrator inflicts serious harm on the victim or uses a deadly weapon.

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26
Q

The corporation thus is an entity _______ from the people who own or manage it.

A

separate

This convenient form of pooling resources for commercial purposes, with a view toward profiting from one’s investment, has had a significant impact on the development of the United States as a commercial and industrial power.
Millions of wage earners whose savings or union funds are invested in corporate stocks and bonds reap payments from such investments in the form of income or retirement benefits.

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27
Q

when physicians refer patients to several practitioners when symptoms do not warrant such referrals.

A

ping-ponging

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28
Q

occurs in the context of a residential facility, such as a nursing home, in which paid caregivers or other staff are the perpetrators

A

institutional elder abuse

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29
Q

Homicide:

__% of the victims were in intimate relationships with their killers
__% were friends and acquaintances
__% were the offenders’ own children

A

44, 26, 11

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30
Q

Auto insurance scheme:

Parts of a car are removed, reported stolen, and later replaced by the owner.

A

Staged claims

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31
Q

A “_______” is an artificial person created by state charter.

A

corporation

The charter provides a corporation with the right to engage in certain activities (to buy and sell certain goods, for example.)

The charter limits the liability of the persons who own the corporation (the shareholders) to the extent of the value of their investment (their shares).

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32
Q

many states have created an additional category to establish criminal liability for grossly negligent killing in situations where the offender assumed a lesser risk.

A

negligent homicide

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33
Q

The _____ _____ frequently do not talk about their abuse for fear of the embarrassment of public exposure and possible retaliation by the abuser.

A

abused elderly

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34
Q

Three elements of larceny

A

There must be a trespass.
The property must be taken.
The property must belong to another

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35
Q

A significant percentage of all homicides occurs among _____ _____ _____

A

relatives and acquaintances

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36
Q

tax fraud

tax evaders often use faked invoices, create fictitious expenses, conceal assets, and destroy books and records

A

faking forms

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37
Q

True or False:

There is no central storehouse for data on the number of cases of corporate crime in either state or federal courts.

A

True

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38
Q

JEOPARDY QUESTION:
Some research suggests that the motive may be psychological pain, anger, revenge, need for attention, malicious mischief, or excitement.

A

Why do children set fires

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39
Q

involves a profitable corporation that is well positioned in the market, but is forced into bankruptcy after new owners have bilked (cheated, deceived, swindled) the corporation of all of its money and assets

A

successful-business scam

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40
Q

______ were the most frequent targets (45 percent) of arson.

A

Buildings,

23 percent of the targets were mobile property (motor vehicles, trailers, etc.)
31 percent were crops and timber
The annual estimated property loss is well over $2 billion

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41
Q

common bankruptcy scams

A

successful business scams
old-company scam
new-company scam
similar-name scam

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42
Q

manslaughter may be ______ or _______

A

voluntary, involuntary

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43
Q

The United Nations revealed that the average rate of intentional homicide was

A
  1. 2 per 100,000 for developed (industrialized Western) countries
  2. 5 per 100,000 for developing countries.
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44
Q

When there is capital punishment, the homicide rate is ______.

A

higher

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45
Q

On average, between ___ and ___ corporations are convicted each year in federal courts for offenses.

A

200, 350

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46
Q

most notorious serial killers are men, female serial killers…

A

do exist.

They are considered to be more difficult to apprehend
They tend to have more complex motivations (when compared to men)

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47
Q

The ___ ____ and the _____ have low homicide rates.

A

very young, elderly

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48
Q

The most common reason given for failure to report a domestic assault to the police was that…

A

the victim considered the incident a private matter.

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49
Q

About _ in _ couples experiences at least one physical assault during the year

A

1 in 6

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50
Q

illicit trade in objects with artistic or historic significance

A

Art theft

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51
Q

Insider-related fraud

Not only goods and services are taken; ____ and ______ are at risk as well.

A

time, money

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52
Q

Firearm-related crime is ____ prevalent in the United States than in other developed Western nations.

A

more

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53
Q

theft, stealing

A

Larceny

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54
Q

Auto insurance scheme:

The car is reported stolen; it is stripped by the owner, and the parts are sold.

A

Owner dumping

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55
Q

In a sense, confidence games are an aggravated form of obtaining property by false pretenses (_____ ____ _____).

A

gaining from lying

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56
Q

The most severe punishments are reserved for arson of _______, because of the likelihood that persons in the building may be injured or die.

A

dwellings

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57
Q

. Provided the first scholarly account of white-collar crime.
He defined it as crime “committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.”

A

Sutherland

1940

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58
Q

An attack that results in touching or striking the victim

A

battery

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59
Q

The essence of the offense is that the offender gains the confidence of the victim, induces in the victim the expectation of a future gain, and–by abusing the trust thus created the victim, part with some property.

A

confidence game

60
Q

The majority of researchers consider __ the age at which an individual falls into the category “elderly.”

A

65

61
Q

cooperating with authorities, creating an ethics code, hiring ethics officers, etc.

A

organizational due diligence

62
Q

a practice in which doctors direct patients to the clinic’s pharmacy to fill unneeded prescriptions.

A

steering

63
Q

categories of computer crime

A
  1. the computer can be used as a storage or communication device whereby information can be created, stored, manipulated, and communicated electronically.
    Example is financial records kept on a drug dealer’s computer.
  2. the computer can be used as an instrument or a tool of crime.
    Example: the computer is used to create counterfeit money or official documents
  3. the computer can be used as a weapon to commit attacks on the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, including theft of information, theft of services, and damage to computer systems.
    Example: spreading computer viruses
64
Q

Securities-related crimes

  1. Bankruptcy fraud
  2. Fraud against the government
  3. Consumer fraud
  4. Insurance fraud
  5. Tax fraud
  6. Bribery, corruption, and political fraud
  7. Insider-related fraud
A

categories of white-collar offenses committed by individuals

65
Q

the killing of one human being by another

A

homicide

66
Q

In England, such crimes (fraud) owed their existence to the interaction of five circumstances:

A
  1. the advancement of trade and commerce
  2. the inventiveness of swindlers in exploiting these economic advances
  3. the demand of merchants for better protection
  4. the unwillingness of the royal courts to expand the old concept of larceny
  5. the willingness of Parliament to designate new crimes in order to protect mercantile interests.
67
Q

Though people have learned through the ages to be wary of strangers on the street, they have not yet learned to protect themselves against ____ ________

A

vast enterprises.

68
Q

The estimated number of motor vehicle thefts ______ 7.4 percent when compared with data from 2009, 38.5 percent when compared with 2006 figures, and 40.0 percent when compared with 2001 figures (UCR).

A

declined

69
Q

The number of aggravated assaults has ______ in recent years

A

declined

70
Q

The financial cost of gunshot injury and death, in terms of medical costs, lost productivity, pain, suffering, and reduced quality of life, was estimated at ….

A

over 60 billion each year.

71
Q

In most murders of a child under age 15…

A

a family member killed the child

72
Q

Sutherland’s definition is not entirely satisfactory:

A

White-collar crime can be committed by a corporation as well as by an individual.

73
Q

_____ is the most common of all violent crimes reported to the police.

A

Assault

74
Q

One-half of the incidents of domestic assault are ___ ________.

A

not reported.

75
Q

filing fraudulent health insurance claims

A

Medical fraud

76
Q

Similarities between homicide and serious assaults:

A

Both typically are committed by young males

  1. Disproportionate number of arrestees are members of minority groups
  2. They know their attackers
  3. They are highest in urban areas, during summer months, in the evening hours, and in the South
77
Q

a person who buys stolen property for resale on a regular basis

A

fence

78
Q

when a patient is billed for services more extensive than those that were actually performed

A

upgrading

79
Q

Robbery is a _____ crime as well as a _____ crime;

A

property, violent

a combination of the motive for economic gain and the violent nature is what makes it so serious.

80
Q

Yearly losses attributable to embezzlement are estimated at over __ _______

A

$1 billion

81
Q

_____ is the most prevalent crime in our society

A

Larceny

82
Q

About $__ _____ is paid in auto insurance claims annually.

It is estimated that __% of those claims are fraudulent.

A

60 billion, 10

83
Q

crimes committed by individuals for themselves in the course of rendering a service.

A

occupational crimes

84
Q

setting fire to the dwelling of another person

A

arson

85
Q

______ account for the most significant share of arsonists

A

Juveniles

86
Q

stealing of goods from retail merchants

A

shoplifting

low-risk offense, low detection rate

87
Q

Fences, or dealers in stolen property, operate much like legitimate businesses: ___ ___ __ ___ __ ____.

A

They buy and sell for profit

88
Q

the killing of several victims over a period of time

A

serial murder

89
Q

unlawful killings, without justification or excuse

A

criminal homicides

90
Q

Auto insurance scheme:

The car is left in a vulnerable spot for theft; then it is reported stolen

A

Abandoned vehicles

91
Q

occurs when elderly persons threaten their own health or safety by, for example, failing to provide themselves with proper amounts of food, clothing, shelter, or medication

A

self-neglect or self-abuse

92
Q

when an older person is maltreated by a person who has a special relationship with the elder, such as a spouse, sibling, child, or friend

A

domestic elder abuse

93
Q

tax fraud
A person may keep one set of books reflecting actual profits and losses and another set for the purpose of misleading the Internal Revenue Service.

A

keeping two sets of books

94
Q

a premeditated, deliberate, intentional killing

A

Murder in the 1st degree

95
Q

Amateur thieves resolve some _______ _____ by stealing

A

immediate crisis

96
Q

Homicide rates are higher in…

A 
poorer countries
more culturally diverse countries
countries which spend less on defense
less-democratic societies
countries where fewer young people are enrolled in school
97
Q

killing in which killer and victim have had no known previous contact.

A

stranger homicide

98
Q

Congressional sentencing guidelines significantly increased sanctions for corporate crime, but also allowed companies large reductions in fines where there was evidence of ________ ___ _______.

A

organizational due diligence

Regulators and prosecutors decline cases involving corporations that demonstrate “a commitment to compliance” and are actively cooperative with authorities.
Reward firms for their proactive, reactive, and cooperative efforts, reserving resources to get the most abusive firms instead.

99
Q

the conversion (misappropriation) of property or money with which one is entrusted or for which one has a fiduciary responsibility.

A

Embezzlement

100
Q

person who…
lacks internal controls
disregard common values
have an intense desire to dominate others

A

sociopath

101
Q

the practice of trading a client’s shares of stock frequently in order to generate large commissions.

A

churning

102
Q

A survey of homicide rates shows that the number of homicides per 100,000 children under age 15 in the United States was __ ____ the number in other countries combined.

A

5 times

103
Q

Auto insurance scheme:

No collision occurs, but an “accident scene” is prepared with glass, blood, and so forth

A

Staged accidents

104
Q

killing committed intentionally but without malice

A

voluntary manslaughter

105
Q

Many legislators believed _______ was an appropriate concept

murder

A

contemplation

106
Q

Auto Insurance scheme:
The perpetrator deliberately causes an innocent victim in a targeted car to crash into his or her car (often in the presence of “friendly” witnesses).

A

Caused accidents

107
Q

Justifiable Homicide: committed by…

A

law enforcement officers in the course of carrying out their duties
soldiers in combat
a home owner who has no recourse other than to kill an intruder who threatens the lives of family members

108
Q

it is the victim who, by bodily movement, verbal incitement, or the actual use of physical force, initiates a series of events that results in his or her own death.
May account for as many as 25% - 50% of all intentional homicides.

A

victim precipitation

109
Q

What makes it so difficult to control corporate crime?

A

Clinard and Yeager

110
Q

tax fraud

misdemeanor

A

will failure to file a tax return

111
Q

the acquisition of the property of another person through cheating or deception

A

Fraud

112
Q

Fences’, or dealers’ in stolen property, activity thrives on:

A

A. an understanding of the law governing the receiving of stolen property
B. cooperation with the law when necessary
C. networking

113
Q

it requires no intention to kill

A

felony murder

It requires the intention to commit some other felony, such as robbery or rape… and the death of a person during the commission of or flight from that felony.
Even accomplices are guilty of felony murder when one of their associates has caused a death

114
Q

Any scam designed to take advantage of loopholes in the bankruptcy laws

A

bankruptcy fraud

115
Q

_____ thieves are less detected

A

professional

116
Q

crimes by one or more employees of a corporation that are attributed to the organization itself

A

corporate crime

117
Q

an intentional killing without premeditation and deliberation

A

murder in the 2nd degree

118
Q

the act of copying video images and sound that are protected by a copyright, without the permission or consent of the copyright owner.

A

Video Piracy

considered art theft

119
Q

an attack on another person that is made with apparent ability to inflict injury and that is intended to frighten or to cause physical harm.

A

assault

120
Q

______-related thefts of company property are responsible for a significant share of industry losses.
Estimates place such losses between $4 billion and $13 billion each year.

A

employee

121
Q

opportunities for occupational crimes have _______

A

increased

122
Q 
For example:
A woman (A) sees a shiny object lying on the sidewalk. As she stoops to pick it up, a man (B) grabs it. A dispute ensues over who should have the “lost diamond ring.” A third person (C) comes by and offers to mediate. He happens to be a jeweler, he says. C takes a jeweler’s loupe out of his pocket, examines the diamond ring, and pronounces it worth $500. At this point, B generously offers his share in the ring to A for a mere $100. A pays–and gets what turns out to be a worthless object. By the time she discovers this fact, B and C are long gone.
A

confidence game

123
Q

Example: Consumers are often lured into a store by an announcement that a product is priced low for a limited period of time. Once in the store, the customer is told that the product is sold out, and he or she is offered a substitute, typically of inferior quality or at a much higher price.

A

deceptive advertising

124
Q

the killing of multiple victims in one event or in very quick succession.

A

mass murder

125
Q

: Unlawful entry into a struc­ture (criminal trespass) to commit a felony or theft

A

Burglary

126
Q

tax fraud

In order to avoid detection, tax evaders often shift funds continually from account to account, from bank to bank.

A

shifting funds

127
Q

in the U.S., the rate of larceny is extraordinarily _____

A

high

128
Q

Elimination of capital punishment ____ ____ ____ ____.

A

decreases the homicide rate

129
Q

monitors plant discharges all over the United States

It requires environmental impact studies so that any new development that would significantly affect the environment can be prevented or controlled.

A

Environmental Protection Agency (1969)

130
Q

the intentional killing of another person with malice aforethought.

A

murder

131
Q

: the unlawful killing of another person without malice.

A

manslaughter

132
Q

JEOPARDY QUESTION:

the openness of our society

the ease of travel

the availability of firearms

the lack of external controls and supervision

the general friendliness and trust of Americans in dealing with each other and with strangers.

A

How can one be influenced by the social environment in which they function?

133
Q

Corporations exert enormous political power in the shaping and administration of the laws that govern their conduct.
Especially with multinational corporations that wish to operate __ ________ _______.

A

in developing countries.

Developing countries’ governments see the promise of jobs and development by a giant corporation.
They would rather have employment opportunities that pollute air and water… than unemployment in a clean environment.
Government officials can be bribed to create or maintain a legal climate favorable to the business interests of the corporation, even though doing so may be detrimental to the people of the host country.

134
Q

when a doctor extends several unnecessary services to all members of a patient’s family.

A

family ganging

135
Q

”): offering a consumer an inferior product at a higher price as a substitute for a product that is out of stock.

A

Deceptive advertising (bait-and-switch advertising)

136
Q

Victim precipitation is more often seen in cases where ____ kill their ____ (as opposed to incidents in which ____ kill their ____).
However, ____ tend to be more violent than ____ in their killing methods.

A

women, husbands
men, wives
males, females

137
Q

The population of elderly people has ____ _____ over the decades

A

grown larger

  1. 4%
  2. 12%
    Every day 1,000 are added to the population category.
138
Q

John Cronklin identified four types of robbers

A

The professional robber: carefully plans and executes a robbery, often with many accomplices; steals large sums of money; and often has a long term, deep commitment to robbery as a means of supporting a hedonistic lifestyle
The opportunistic robber: most common; targets victims for small amounts of money (20$ or less)
The addict robber: addicted to drugs, wants just enough money or a fix, and may or may not carry a weapon.
The alcoholic robber: does not plan his or her robberies, usually robs people after first assaulting them, takes few precautions, and is apprehended more often than other robbers.

139
Q

Examples:
Phony payrolls
Fictitious overtime charges
False claims for business-related travel

A

insider-related fraud

140
Q

___ ____ ____ is the largest property crime in the U.S.

A

Motor vehicle theft

141
Q

billing for superfluous and unnecessary tests and other services.

A

overutilization

142
Q

The closer the family relationship to the victim (e.g., mother and child),

A

the more passive the form of homicide (e.g., asphyxiation or abandonment)

143
Q

consumer fraud often appears as _______ ______

A

confidence games

144
Q

the act of causing a consumer to surrender money through deceit or a misrepresentation of a material fact.

A

consumer fraud

145
Q

____ ______ ____ ___, passed by Congress in 1890, authorized the criminal prosecution of corporations engaged in monopolistic anti-competitive practices.

A

The Sherman Antitrust Act

Crime and Delinquency (4 decks)

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