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Crime and Delinquency > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A variety of factors (or characteristics) come into play when an offender decides to commit a crime

A

choice structuring properties

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2
Q

Labeling Theory

This process of segregation creates “_____”, or outcasts from society, who begin to associate with others like themselves.

A

outsiders

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3
Q

Laws represent the interests of specific groups that have the power to get them enacted

A

conflict theory

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4
Q

Hirschi posited four social bonds that promote socialization and conformity:

A

Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

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5
Q

Lemert

Two kinds of deviant acts

A

“Primary deviations”: the initial deviant acts that bring on the first social response.
-These acts do not affect the individual’s self-concept.
2. “Secondary deviations”: the acts that follow the societal response to the primary deviation
Are of major concern. These are the acts that result from the change in self-concept brought about by the labeling process.
They set in after the community has become aware of a primary deviance.

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6
Q

Reckless

The primary containment factor is _______

A

self-concept

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7
Q

under which no one can be denied the safeguards of the law.

A

equal protection

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8
Q

Labeling Theory

Once it becomes known that a person has engaged in deviant acts, he or she is segregated from conventional society, and a _____ (“thief,” “whore,” “junkie”) is attached to the transgressor.

A

label

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9
Q

: focuses on techniques and strategies that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity, or obedience to society’s rules

A

social control theory

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10
Q

The 1950s were a period of general prosperity and pride for Americans. Yet some social scientists, uneasy about the complacency they saw, turned their attention to the _____ _____.
They noted that some of the ideals the United States had _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ had not been achieved at home.

A

social order

fought for in World War II

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11
Q

An offender does not know all the details of a situation; rather, he or she relies on cues in the environment or characteristics of targets.
This means the offender may not be able to calculate the costs and benefits accurately, and in hindsight the decision may seem foolish.
Most crime is neither extraordinary nor the product of a deranged mind.
It is quite ordinary and committed by reasoning individuals who decide that the chances of getting caught are low and the possibilities for a relatively good payoff are high.

A

rational-choice theory

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12
Q

Example: someone who has a drug dealer or an insider trader as a friend has a greater chance of being victimized than a person who associates only with law-abiding people

A

Lifestyle Theory

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13
Q

Gottfredson, Hirschi

Individual differences in their propensity to commit crime can be attributed to ____ _____ _________

A

levels of self-control

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14
Q

may explain why one neighborhood has a much higher crime rate than another… but NOT why one particular individual becomes a hoodlum and another does not

A

social disorganization approach

Toby

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15
Q

It asks:
Where and when did the crime occur?
What are the physical and social characteristics of the crime site?
What movements bring offender and target together at the crime site?

A

environmental criminology

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16
Q

A crime can occur only if there is…

  1. likely offender: someone who intends to commit a crime
  2. a suitable target: something or someone to be victimized
  3. the absence of a capable guardian: no other person present to prevent or observe the crime
  4. personal handler: no person to control the activities of the likely offender
A

Cohen and Felson

Routine Activity Approach

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17
Q

Juveniles sense a moral obligation to be bound by the law

A

Matza, 1960s

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18
Q

advocates humanistic, nonviolent, and peaceful solutions to crime.

part of an intellectual and social movement toward restorative justice.

A

peacemaking perspective

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19
Q

The rational-choice perspective is based on these theoretical approaches:

A

Utilitarianism

Economic Choice Theory

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20
Q

Assumes that some people are criminally motivated

A

environmental criminology

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21
Q

example would be the preoccupation with activities that promote the interests of society

A

Hirschi’s bond of Involvement

Ex: involvement in school-related activities (such as homework) rather than in working-class adult activities (such as smoking and drinking).

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22
Q

Social control has been conceptualized as representing practically any phenomenon that leads to _____.

A

conformity

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23
Q

Life Course Theory

Criminality is a function of a dynamic social process that _____ _____ _____.
Focus on the _______ of the offender.

A

changes over time

lifespan

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24
Q

The kinds of people someone associates with (coworkers, friends, and sexual partners) also affect _____ _____.

A

victimization rates

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25
Q

the way one views oneself in relation to others and to the world

A

self-concept

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26
Q

Why is social control conceptualized in such different ways?

A

Perhaps because social control has been examined from both a macrosociological and a microsociological perspective.

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27
Q

Advocates the redistribution of power by returning it to communities and individuals, in order to fix the existing power differential.

A

abolitionist theory

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28
Q

3 Typologies of frequent auto theft offenders

A

Acting-out Joyrider: Most emotionally disturbed of the offenders. Possesses a kamikaze attitude. Vents anger via car. Least likely to be deterred. Doesn’t care what happens
Thrill-seeker: Heavily into drugs. Steals them for transportation. Steals parts for sale.
Instrumental Offender: Doing auto theft for the money. Most active of the offenders (5+ a week) but smallest proportion of the sample (connected to organized theft operations). Rational, intelligent. Does crimes with least risk. May get into auto theft from burglary. Thinks about outcomes. Doing crime while young offender status affords them lenient treatment.

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29
Q

When a bind is not in place, the youth may enter into a state of _______, or a period when he or she exists in limbo between convention and crime, responding in turn to the demands of each, flirting now with one, now with the other, but postponing commitment, evading decision.

A

drift

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30
Q

5 techniques of neutralization:

A

Denial of responsibility.

Denial of injury.

Denial of victim.

Condemnation of the condemners.

Appeal to higher loyalties.

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31
Q

In case after case, the Court found a pervasive influence of rules and customs that violated the concepts of…

The result of hundreds of Supreme Court decisions was that both black and white citizens now were guaranteed the right to _____ in all criminal cases, freedom from _____, and other rights enumerated in the first 10 amendments to the Constitution.
Nevertheless, a great deal of social injustice remained.

A

due process, equal protection

counsel, self-incrimination

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32
Q

Labeling Theory:

So the key factor is the _____ that is attached to an individual: “If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

A

label

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33
Q

crime and punishment have a reciprocal effect on each other, with one causing the other.

A

abolitionist theory

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34
Q

the destruction of communities by the state is at the root of crime.

A

anarchist theory of criminology

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35
Q

A group of bonds that include a support of and participation in social activities that tie the individual to the society’s moral or ethical code.
The greater the aspiration and expectation, the more unlikely delinquency becomes.

A

Hirschi’s bond of commitment

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36
Q

people evaluate the options and choose what they believe will satisfy their needs.

A

Economic Choice Theory

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37
Q

correspondence of behavior to society’s patterns, norms, or standards.

A

stake in conformity

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38
Q

Reckless

personal control

A

inner containment

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39
Q

because of changing roles (working mother versus homemaker) and schedules (a child’s school calendar), people lead different lifestyles (work and leisure activities).
Variations in lifestyle affect the number of situations with high victimization risks that a person experiences.

A

Lifestyle Theory of Victimization

40
Q

People are constantly involved in behavior that runs the risk of being labeled delinquent or criminal.

But although many run that risk, only a few are so labeled.

A

Edwin Lemert, 1940s

41
Q

One significant limitation to critical and Marxist work is an almost exclusive focus on _____ _____ _____ _____.

A

crime committed by males.

42
Q

They do not attempt to explain crime.

A

conflict theory

43
Q

belief systems, rather than specific laws, guide what people do and universally serve to control behavior.

Consider laws, norms, customs, mores, ethics, and etiquette to be forms of social control

A

Early 1900s. E. A. Ross, one of the founders of American sociology

44
Q

A “______” between a person and the law, something that creates responsibility and control, remains in place most of the time.

A

bind

45
Q

Delinquency is the result of:

(1) a failure to internalize socially accepted and prescribed norms of behavior
(2) a breakdown of internal controls
(3) a lack of social rules that prescribe behavior in the family, the school, and other important social groups.

A

Reiss. Sociologist.

46
Q 
In the 1950s, human rights existed on paper but were often lacking in practice. 
It was clear that \_\_\_\_\_ continued to live as second-class citizens. 
The 14th amendment to the Constitution guaranteed \_\_\_\_\_ equal rights, neither the law of the country nor the socioeconomic system provided them with equal opportunities.
A

blacks

47
Q

While _____ _____ help society run more smoothly, they also create new targets for theft, make old targets more suitable, or create new tools for criminals to use in committing their crimes.

A

technological developments

48
Q

Sometimes members of a society consider certain acts so threatening to community survival that they designate these acts as crimes. If the vast majority of a group’s members share this view, the group has acted by _____.

A

consensus

49
Q

Four elements that should be considered when addressing crime:
1. the victim
2. The offender
3. The state
4. The general public
These elements are interrelated and form a “_____ _____ _____”

A

square of crime, Jock Young

50
Q

Through mapping crimes on global, country, state, county, city, or site-specific levels, such as a particular building or plot of land, environmental criminologists can see crime patterns.
They then relate these crime patterns to…
a. the number of targets
b. the offender population
c. the location of routine activities, such as work, school, shopping, or recreation
d. security
e. traffic flow

A

environmental criminology

51
Q

Thornberry

A

Developmental/Life Course Theory

52
Q

Crime is a function of a dynamic social process that is determined by

  • learning variables: association with delinquent peers
  • boundary variables: attachment and commitment to conventional activities
  • social class, race, gender
A

Life Course Theory

53
Q

_____ suggest that mutual aid, mediation, and conflict resolution, rather than coercive state control, are the best means to achieve a harmonious, peaceful society.

A

Peacemakers

54
Q

the assent (acceptance) to the society’s value system.

A

Hirschi’s bond of belief:

If young people no longer believe laws are fair, their bond to society weakens, and the probability that they will commit delinquent acts increases

55
Q

Multiple control factors determine human behavior.

  • internalized control: self-regulation
  • a product of guilt aroused in the conscience when norms have been internalized.
  • Indirect control comes from…
    - an individual’s identification with noncriminals
    - a desire not to embarrass parents and friends by acting against their expectations.
A

Francis Ivan Nye

56
Q

In testing Hirschi’s theory, _______ _______ found that involvement in delinquency was positively related to attachment to peers.
Hirschi had found an inverse relationship (the stronger the attachment to peers, the less the involvement in delinquency).

A

Michael Hindelang

57
Q

Labeling Theory

It is _____ _____ who make the rules that define deviant behavior.

A

moral entrepreneurs

58
Q

______ and _____ proposed a new model of personal and social control in A General Theory of Crime.
Their model assumes that offenders have little control over their own behaviors and desires.

A

Gottfredson, Hirschi

59
Q

restoring victims, a more victim centered criminal justice system, as well as restoring offenders and restoring community

A

restorative justice

60
Q

This perspective assumes that people make the decision to commit crime with…
a goal in mind
free will

A

Rational-choice theory

61
Q

Lifestyle Theory

A

Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo

62
Q

Researchers concluded that the rational-choice theory of offender decision making is useful in understanding _____ _____

A

repeat victimization

63
Q

Example: This theory would be sensitive to the fact that John (valedictorian of high school and a cocaine dealer), while socially controlled and bonded by external forces, had a poorly developed self-concept, had an immature or undeveloped conscience, and was extremely impulsive. He was driven to selling drugs as a result of a poor set of inner controls.

A

Reckless’ Containment Theory

64
Q

Measures that decrease opportunities for crime

A

target-hardening techniques

65
Q

Viewed the human self as formed through a process of social interaction

Social behavior develops in a continuous process of action and reaction.

The way we perceive ourselves, our self-concept, is built not only on what we think of ourselves but also on what others think of us.

A

Cooley, Thomas, and Mead. Social Interactionists.

66
Q

Frequent auto theft offenders are not usually _____ _____ _____; they go undeterred.

A

freelance car thieves

67
Q

The law is a mechanism to settle disputes that arise when individuals stray too far from what the community considers acceptable.

A

consensus model

68
Q

______ reject the sensible and organized opposition to this condition led by abolitionists, opting instead to wage the struggle with chaos and disorder.

A

anarchists

69
Q

social control theorists focus on

A

the influence of family on behavior

techniques that regulate human behavior and lead to conformity

the influence of religion on behavior

70
Q

How do youths justify their drift into delinquent acts?

A

They develop techniques to rationalize their actions.

Defense mechanisms that release the youth from the constraints of the moral order:

71
Q

Crime is an inevitable outcome of social and political deprivation.

A

Jock Young, Left Realism

72
Q

Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an “offender.” The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label.

A

Sociologist Howard S. Becker

73
Q

Labeling Theory

Criminal acts themselves are not particularly significant; the _____ _____ to them, however, is.

A

social reaction

74
Q

These small behaviors probably prevent more crime than police, courts, and corrections put together.

A

routine precautions

75
Q

they say don’t forget about disenfranchised lower classes are persistently victimized by street crime.

A

left realism

76
Q

when a suitable target that is unguarded comes together in time and space with a likely offender who is not “handled,” the potential for a crime is there.

Focus on everyday activities of people, such as going to work, pursuing recreation, running errands, and the like.

A

routine-activity approach

77
Q

Wright and Decker

Street robbers frequently victimize all except gamblers.

A

gamblers

78
Q

examines the location of a specific crime and the context in which it occurred in order to understand and explain crime patterns.

A

environmental criminology

79
Q

People in American society are told not to drive while intoxicated, not to smoke or abuse alcohol or drugs, and not to eat too much trans fat. All these messages are intended to reduce the risks of dying in a motor vehicle accident, or from lung or liver cancer, or from an overdose, or from a heart attack.
Although public-service messages designed to protect health may not always be heeded, people do not see them as “_____ _____ _____.”

A

blaming the victim.

80
Q

for every individual, there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, both of which provide defense, protection, or insulation against delinquency.

A

containment theory

Reckless

81
Q

Reckless

the structural buffer that holds the person in bounds

A

outer containment

82
Q

Hirschi’s bond of attachment: 3 forms

A

Attachment to parents:
Youths who have formed a significant attachment to a parent refrain from delinquency because the consequences of such an act might jeopardize that relationship.
The bond of affection between a parent and a child thus becomes a primary deterrent to criminal activities.

Attachment to peers:

Attachment to school:
depends on a youngster’s appreciation for the institution, perception of how he or she is received by teachers and peers, and level of achievement in class

83
Q

under which a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without lawful procedures

A

due process

84
Q

Similarly, messages to prevent criminal victimization, like not walking alone and not frequenting deserted or unfamiliar places late at night, should not be viewed as overly restrictive and intrusive or as blaming victims who did not heed the advice.

The messages directed at preventing victimization are based on theory and research and merely promote ______ _____ _____ _____ to ensure a more crime-free existence.

A

living and acting responsibly

85
Q

people make decisions with the goal of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

A

Utilitarianism

86
Q

Examples: steering-column locks, vandal-resistant construction, enhanced street lighting, and improved library checkout systems

A

target-hardening techniques

87
Q

Radical criminologists find the cause of crime in women to be male aggression as well as…

A

men’s attempts to control and subordinate women

88
Q

Weakness in any of Hirschi’s four social bonds was associated with ______ _______.
The stronger the bonds, the less likelihood of _______.

A

delinquent behavior

delinquency

89
Q

Labeling Theory:

As more people begin to think of these people as deviants and to respond to them accordingly, the deviants react to the response by continuing to engage in the behavior society now expects of them.

Through this process, their _____ gradually change as well.

A

self-images

90
Q

In focusing on the ways in which social interactions create deviance, _____ _____ declares that the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those reactions create deviance.

A

Labeling Theory

91
Q

theoretical perspective claims that a struggle for power is a basic feature of human existence

A

conflict theory

92
Q

These theorists viewed criminals not as inherently evil persons engaged in inherently wrong acts… but rather as individuals who had had criminal status conferred upon them by both the criminal justice system and the community at large.

A

Labeling Theorists

93
Q

simple things like locking our doors, hiding our purses and wallets under the car seat, not flashing money in public, and avoiding places that make us feel unsafe

A

routine precautions

94
Q

Members of society by and large agree on what is right and wrong
Law is the codification of these agreed-upon social values

A

consensus model

95
Q

The cornerstone of the Marxist explanation of crime:

A

people who are kept in a state of poverty will rebel by committing crimes

96
Q

identifies social conflict as…
a basic fact of life
a source of discriminatory treatment by the criminal justice system of certain groups and social classes
Studies bias and discrimination in the criminal justice system

A

conflict theory

97
Q

The routine-activity approach does explore _____ _____ and _____ _____.

A

situational factors, crime rates

Crime and Delinquency (4 decks)

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