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Crime and Delinquency > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What provided the next generation of criminologists with the tools they needed to challenge classical criminology?

A

Darwin’s Origin of Species

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2
Q

Criminology is related to __, ___, and ____.

A

sociology, economics, and political science

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3
Q

The science of controlled reproduction to improve hereditary qualities

A

Eugenics

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4
Q

statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

Minor offenses, normally subject only to fines

A

violations

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6
Q

Statistics do not reveal how many crimes have actually been committed
Several crimes may be committed in one event
Only the most serious offense is included in the UCR and the others go unreported
No differentiation between completed acts and attempted acts
Data suffer from several omissions

A

Limitations of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

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7
Q

based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
Concerned with achieving the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people

A

classical school of criminology

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8
Q

Laws function to reconcile and to harmonize most of the interests that most of us accept with the least amount of sacrifice

A

consensus model

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9
Q

For the purposes of research, individuals that are under penal supervision are considered to be members of a “______ ______,” and special provisions regarding informed consent and the protection of privacy must be taken when involving them in research.

A

vulnerable population

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10
Q

Cesare Lomborso argued that criminals frequently have huge jaws and strong canine teeth, characteristics common to carnivores who tear and devour meat raw. The arm span of criminals is often greater than their height, just like that of apes, who use their forearms to propel themselves along the ground. An individual born with any five of the stigmata is __ _____ ______. Criminals are a lower form of life.

A

aborn criminal

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11
Q

facts, statistics, and other observable information

A

empirical data

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12
Q

a sample in which each person or thing has an equal chance of being selected (results can be generalized to the larger population)

A

probability sample

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13
Q

Any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment

A

crime

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14
Q

Characteristics of Crime

A

Most crimes are committed in large urban areas

More than half of violent crimes take place between 6:00 A.M. and 6:00 P.M.

Mostly, sexual assaults take place at night

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15
Q

What is the objective of Criminology?

A

The development of a body of general and verified principles and of other types of knowledge regarding this process of law, crime, and treatment or prevention

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16
Q

_______ requirement

requires that the criminal act must be accompanied by an equally criminal mind

A

concurrence

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17
Q

_____ argued that real knowledge of social phenomena is based on a positivist approach

A

Aguste Comte

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18
Q

Allows us to determine cause and effect.

Control Group

Independent and Dependent Variables

A

Experiments

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19
Q

a sample that researchers rely on for convenience or availability

A

nonprobability sample

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20
Q

One of the most widely used methods is _____ _____, which is a cost-effective method of measuring characteristics of groups

A

survey research

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21
Q

Sheldon’s somatotypes:

People with ______ traits tend more than others to be involved in illegal behavior

A

mesomorph

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22
Q

Treason, Arson, Murder, Rape, Robbery, Burglary, Manslaughter, and Kidnapping.

A

felonies

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23
Q

____ believed that some people may be considered either insane or criminal

According to the standpoint from which they are looked at

Intelligence tests seemed to provide an objective basis for differentiating criminals from noncriminals (______ determinism)

A

Maudsley

psychological

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24
Q

petty theft, disturbing the peace, simple assault and battery, drunk driving without injury to others, drunkenness in public, various traffic violations, public nuisances

A

misdemeanors

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25
Q

______ reasoned that if prevention was the purpose of punishment, and if punishment became too costly by creating more harm than good, then penalties needed to be set just a bit in excess of the pleasure one might derive from committing a crime, and no higher.

A

Jeremy Bentham

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26
Q

the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.

The process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws

A

criminology

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27
Q

They include data on reported crimes.
They provide crime rates.
They include the number of offenses cleared by arrest.
Not ALL law enforcement agencies in the United States are required to contribute information on crime in their jurisdictions to the FBI for the Uniform Crime Reports.

A

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

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28
Q

3 typologies of crime

A

Violent Crimes
Murder (1st degree: premeditated; 2nd degree: “crime of passion,” out of anger, provoked by insults/physical abuse; 3rd degree: death from negligence), Homicide

Crimes Against Property
According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), motor vehicle theft is a crime against property

White Collar and Corporate Crimes

Drug, Alcohol, and Sex Crimes

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29
Q

Include habitual criminals, criminals by passion, and other diverse types

A

criminoloids

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30
Q

Individuals put all the factors into an equation to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing
(Classical school)

A

felicific calculus

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31
Q

Breakdown of social order as a result of a loss of standards and values

A

Anomie

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32
Q

severe crimes, subject to punishments of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment.

A

felonies

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33
Q

The relationship between race and crime

A

African Americans account for over 38% of all arrests for Index crimes

Leading cause of death for young black men is murder

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34
Q

measurements should have ____ and _____

A
  1. Reliability-consistency, 2. validity-accuracy
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35
Q

Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson

A

crimes against property

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36
Q

____ and ____ moved the field of criminology from a philosophical to a scientific perspective

A

Positivism, evolution

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37
Q

relationship between gender and crime

A

Males traditionally commit more of aggravated assault crimes than females

Arrest ratio - 3 male offenders for every female offender

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38
Q

the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. The term was introduced by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim

A

collective conscience

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39
Q

a well-defined group of people or things

A

population

40
Q

Systematically collecting data from respondents using…

questionnaires

  • mailed
  • used during an interview

face-to-face interviews

telephone interviews

a combination of these methods.

A

surveys

41
Q

________ proposed a precise pseudomathematical formula for this process, which he called “felicific calculus” to explain how people decide whether to commit a crime or not.

A

Jeremy Bentham

42
Q

criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society and the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power.

A

conflict model

43
Q

Related body build to behavior

A

somatype school

44
Q

group that is representative of the population being studied

A

sample

45
Q

a systematic set of principles that explain how two or more phenomena are related

A

theory

46
Q

conflict model

A

criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society and the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power.

47
Q

certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society’s survival that they are designated crimes. If the vast majority of a group shares this view, we can say the group has acted by consensus.

A

consensus model

48
Q

Less-severe crimes, subject to a maximum of one year in jail

A

misdemeanors

49
Q

includes only seven offenses.
Based on personal reporting. The data reported suffers from the fact that memories may fade over time.
Some individual variations in interviewing and recording style occur, resulting in variation in the information recorded.

A

Limitations of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

50
Q

2 types of Observations

A

Participant Observations: the direct participation of the researcher in the activities of the people who are the subjects of the research.

Nonparticipant Observations: the researcher collects data without joining in the activity.

51
Q

`The relationship between age and crime

A

People age 65 and over account for less than 1% of all arrests.

Individuals under 25 account for half of the arrests

52
Q

behavior that violates social norms, including laws

A

deviance

53
Q

characteristics that can change in value under different conditions

A

variable

54
Q

examine biographical and autobiographical accounts of individual offenders

A

case studies

55
Q

Classical natural law theory such as the theory of _________ focuses on the overlap between natural law moral and legal theories.

A

Thomas Aquinas

56
Q

For the purposes of research, groups that are considered a vulnerable population include:

A

the mentally ill

Children

those with low social status
(individuals that are under penal supervision)

57
Q

the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.

A

Physiognomy

58
Q

decision whether to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter.

A

police discretion

59
Q

________ requirement

Every crime, according to tradition, requires _______, a “guilty mind.”

A

mens rea

60
Q

Physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development, before they became fully human

A

Atavistic stigmata

61
Q

Asking people to report their own criminal acts in a confidential interview, or on an anonymous questionnaire
Demonstrated very high rates of law-violating behavior by seemingly law-abiding people. Almost everyone, at some point in time, has broken a law.
This data source suggests that the gender differences in crime may be narrowing
Now, more likely to be male offender. Future? Less gender bias?

A

Self-Report Surveys

62
Q

researchers are interested in the _____ between variables

A

relationships

63
Q

The term _____ was used from the late nineteenth century in Europe, the United States and Australasia for disorders later referred to as illnesses or deficiencies of the mind.

A

feeble-minded

64
Q

All human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure or pain

A

utilitarianism

65
Q

struggle for power, not consensus

claim that the dominant group has ended the conflicts by imposing its will

A

conflict model

66
Q

bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities.

A

phrenology

67
Q

7 ingredients of crime

A 
The act requirement
The legality requirement
The harm requirement
The causation requirement
The mens rea requirement
The concurrence requirement
The punishment requirement
68
Q

____ and ____ argued that society was responsible for criminal behavior
Criminological research should:

Identify factors related to crime and assign to them their proper degree of influence (_______ Determinism)

A

Quetelet, Guerry

sociological

69
Q

Laws should be used to maintain the social contract
Only legislators should create laws
Judges should impose punishment only in accordance with the law
Judges should not interpret the laws
Punishment should be based on the pleasure/pain principle
Punishment should be based on the act, not on the actor
Punishment should be determined by the crime
Punishment should be prompt and effective
All people should be treated equally
Capital punishment should be abolished
Use of torture to gain confessions should be abolished
Better to prevent crimes than to punish them

A

Beccaria’s Principles

70
Q

Historically, many criminal laws were _____.

____ ____ were popular events.

A

unwritten, public punishments

71
Q

Exist in government agencies and universities to ensure the protection of human subjects

A

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

72
Q

Assumes society is a stable entity

A

consensus model

73
Q

An investigator introduces a change into a process and makes measurements or observations in order to evaluate the effects of the change

A

experiments

74
Q

The conflict theory, suggested by _______, claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity.

A

Karl Marx

75
Q

posits that human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.

A

Positivist Criminology

76
Q

the extent of the relationship between variables

A

correlation

77
Q

_____ argued that the “born criminal” was distinguishable by atavistic stigmata

A

Cesare Lombroso

78
Q

Because nothing in life, except death, is certain, sociologists talk about ______ rather than ______

A

correlation, causation

Uses the terms “more likely” instead of “causing”

79
Q

Criminal homicide
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault

A

crimes against the person

80
Q

Personal and household crimes are more likely to be committed during the ____ months of the year

A

warmer

81
Q

systematic collection of respondents’ answers to questions asked in questionnaires or interviews

A

survey research

82
Q

Crime is a normal part of society and is necessary for a society to progress
All societies have crime and sanctions

A

Durkheim

Sociological Determinism

83
Q

Shledon’s somatypes

A

Endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph

84
Q

Questionnaires do not represent the range of criminal acts that are committed
Self-reports are administered to high school or college students
Data obtained do not correspond with some other criterion that measures the same behavior
Samples may be biased

A

limitations of self-report surveys

85
Q

______ criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.

The _____ school of criminology posits that human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.

A

Classical, Positivist

86
Q

Become criminal as a result of change in the brain which interferes with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong

A

insane criminals

87
Q

the decline in criminal activities with age

A

the aging-out phenomenon

88
Q

_____ _____ are difficult and costly to conduct, and for that reason they are used infrequently

A

Experimental studies

89
Q

a scientist that collects information for study and analysis in accordance with the research methods of modern science

A

criminologist

90
Q

4 Guidelines for human experimentation

A

Fully reporting experimental findings

Honoring commitments made to respondents

Not misleading respondents

Protecting respondents’ confidentiality

91
Q

According to his reasoning, individuals are “human calculators” who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing.

A

Jeremy Bentham

92
Q

Major sources of crime information

A

Uniform Crime Reports
National Crime Victimization Survey
Self-report surveys

93
Q

The ancient Greeks andRomans so distrusted ___ ____ that actors portraying evil persons wore ___ _____.

A

red hair, red wigs

94
Q

Through the ages, cripples, hunchbacks, people with long hair, and a multitude of others were viewed with suspicion.
Indeed, in the Middle Ages, laws indicated that if two people were suspected of a crime, the _____ was the more likely to be guilty.

A

uglier

95
Q

In property crimes, the poorest households are almost ___ ___ ____ as those earning $75,000 or more per year to experience property crime (Henslin)

A

twice as likely

96
Q

Measure the extent of crime by interviewing individuals about their experiences as victims
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): Measures the extent of victimization of Part I offenses, except criminal homicide and arson

A

victimization surveys

97
Q

_____ requirement

requires that the actor achieve the result through his or her own effort

A

causation

Crime and Delinquency (4 decks)

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