Unit 2 Flashcards
when norms of two cultures clash.
“Primary conflict”
a moral code or conscience.
The superego:
A clash may occur…
at the border between neighboring cultural areas when the law of one cultural group is extended to cover the territory of another when members of one group migrate to another culture.
Recent research has demonstrated that crime does indeed have _______ aspects similar to those found in studies of depression: biochemical abnormalities, abnormal brain waves, nervous system dysfunction. There is also evidence that strongly suggests a _______ ________ to criminality.
psychobiological
genetic predisposition
three basic principles appeal to psychologists who study criminality:
- The actions and behavior of an adult are understood in terms of childhood development. 2. Behavior and unconscious motives are intertwined, and their interaction must be unraveled if we are to understand criminality. 3. Criminality is essentially a representation of psychological conflict.
We learn behavior in various ways:
Observation
direct experience
differential reinforcement
Not all those persons exposed to the same problems respond in the same way. -Not all people perceive the same situation as a problem. (person)
Nikos Passas
when a single culture evolves into a variety of cultures, each with its own set of conduct norms.
secondary conflict
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), the founder of _______
psychoanalysis
Life situations are frequently controlled by conflicting _____, so no matter how people act, they may be violating some rule, often without being aware that they are doing so.
norms
Moral development: Other factors, such as the presence or the absence of significant _____ _____, may play a part.
social bonds
Between ___-___% of state correctional populations suffer from a type of mental disorder
20-60%
Biochemical factors include:
food allergies
Diet
Hypoglycemia
hormones
different groups learn different conduct norms (rules governing behavior) and that the conduct norms of some groups may clash with conventional middle-class rules.
culture conflict theory
Bandura’s instigators
- Aversive instigators. Physical assaults, verbal threats, and insults; adverse reductions in conditions of life (such as impoverishment) and the thwarting of goal-directed behavior
- Incentive instigators. Rewards, such as money and praise
- Modeling instigators. Violent or aggressive behaviors observed in others
- Instructional instigators. Observations of people carrying out instructions to engage in violence or aggression
- Delusional instigators. Unfounded or bizarre beliefs that violence is necessary or justified
If a violent personality can be shown to be ______ _______, crime-prevention strategies might try to identify “potential criminals” and to intervene before their criminal careers begin and before anyone knows if they would ever have become criminals.
genetically determined
Use of ____ rather than ____ ____ ______ turns violent events into life-and-death situations; gangs battle gangs in a kind of street guerrilla warfare.
guns, knives and clubs (Drive by shootings)
- the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished 2. the most meaningful rewards and punishments are those given by groups that are important in an individual’s life–the peer group, the family, teachers in school, and so forth.
Differential Reinforcement
Who predicts that the greatest proportion of crime will be found in the lower classes.
Merton
Why? because lower-class people have the least opportunity to reach their goals legitimately
The purpose of ______ _____ is to define what is considered appropriate or normal behavior and what is inappropriate or abnormal behavior.
conduct norms
examined the impact of family structure on juvenile and adult crime
found that delinquency rates are lower among boys who live with their _____ postseparation compared to those who live with their _____. They also found that delinquency rates are _____ _____ in disrupted families and high-conflict intact families
mother, father
very similar
____ created Strain Theory, ____ added anger/emotion to it.
Merton, Agnew
The _____ ______ _____ that people encounter determine their behavior.
external social forces
There is no simple connection between class and crime. -The relationship is highly complex -it involves many other factors such as… -race -seriousness of the offense -education of family and offender (2 people)
Terence Thornberry and Margaret Farnsworth
Some criminologists say that a growing number of middle-class youngsters no longer believe that the way to reach their goals is through ____ ____ and ______ ______. They prefer reaping profits from quick drug sales or shoplifting goods that attract them.
hard work, delayed pleasure
Each type of strain increases an individual’s feelings of _____, ____, or ________
anger, fear, depression
All human personality may be seen in three dimensions: 1. Psychoticism: aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive 2. Extroversion: sensation-seeking, dominant, and assertive 3. Neuroticism. having low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and wide mood swings
Eysenck’s Conditioning Theory
those who conform to the standards of cultures considered deviant are behaving in accordance with their own norms but may be breaking the law…the norms of the _____ ______.
dominant culture.
There are significant problems with adoption studies.
One is that little can be done to ensure the similarity of adopted children’s _____. Of even greater concern to criminologists, however, is the distinct possibility of mistaking __1___ for __2___. In other words, there appears to be a significant __1___ between the criminality of biological parents and adopted children in the research we have reviewed, but this __1___ does not prove that the genetic legacy passed on by a criminal parent ___2__ an offspring to commit a crime.
environments
correlation, causation
Biocriminologists: study the relationship between
Criminality: Biochemical: Neurophysiological:
Example: The child of middle-class parents who has a low IQ might avoid delinquent behavior. But if that child’s circumstances changed so that he lived in a lower-class, single-parent environment, he might find the delinquent lifestyle of the children in the new neighborhood __ ______ _ _____.
too tempting to resist.
Social Disorganization: the breakdown of…
- effective social bonds
- family and neighborhood associations
- social controls in neighborhoods and communities.
Freud proposed that criminality may result from an ______ ________ or conscience.
overactive superego
Durkheim’s concept of anomie was intended to explain ______.
suicide
deals with the functions of the nervous system
neurophysiological
Eysenck has identified two additional aspects of a criminal’s poor conditionability. 1. ______ are much more difficult to condition than _______ and thus have greater difficulty in developing a conscience.
extroverts, introverts
It suggests that the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished.
Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory
accept society’s goals, but because they have few legitimate means of achieving them, they design their own means for getting ahead.
innovation T
he means may be burglary, robbery, embezzlement, or a host of other crimes.
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment:
Children form an attachment to one primary figure in the first nine months of life. That principal attachment figure is the person who supplies the most social interaction of a satisfying kind.
ontogeny (course of development)
Of boys who had noncriminal adoptive parents and criminal biological parents, ____ percent were convicted of crimes. Of boys who had both criminal adoptive parents and criminal biological parents, ____ percent were convicted of crimes.
20, 24.5
What we eat, what we say, what we believe–in fact, the way we respond to any situation–depends on the culture in which we have been reared. based on the learning of criminal (or deviant) norms or attitudes.
differential association theory
It is estimated that between __ and __ percent of gang members own or have access to weapons.
50, 70
On the other hand, when environment–poverty, broken homes, and other problems–is seen as the major cause of violence, crime prevention takes the shape of ______ ______ _______ rather than labeling individuals.
improving social conditions
Groups become fragmented, and in the absence of a ______ ____ __ ____, the actions and expectations of people in one sector may clash with those of people in another.
common set of rules
focuses on the development of high-crime areas in which there is a disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased immigration, and urbanization.
social disorganization theory
Adverse situations and events may include - child abuse - criminal victimization - bad experiences with peers - school problems - verbal threats. Criminal behavior in these situations may result when an individual tries to_____________, _______, or _________.
run away from the situation, end the problem, or seek revenge.
As behavior becomes unpredictable, the system gradually breaks down, and the society is in a state of ______.
anomie
individuals who examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, moral principles, and duties.
Postcoventional level
People reject both the cultural goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals
substitute their own goals (get rid of the establishment) and their own means (protest). They have an alternative scheme for a new social structure, however ill-defined. Militias trying to establish their own alternative quasi-governmental structures.
rebellion
the chemical and substances which occur within living organisms
biochemical
Youngsters who grow up in a culture where… - friends are delinquent - parents are criminals - drug abuse is common - where early experiences with delinquent activities are widespread
John Hagan
powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction.
The id:
As Diana H. Fishbein has aptly noted, the idea of a “_____ _____ _____” is frequently advocated.
conditioned free will This view suggests that individuals make choices (free will) in regard to a particular action within a range of possibilities that is “preset” yet flexible
Bowlby’s Theory of Attachment: Though learning plays a role in the development of attachment, Bowlby finds that attachments are the products not of rewards or reinforcements, but of basic social interaction.
Learning
