Unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
when norms of two cultures clash.
A
“Primary conflict”
2
Q
a moral code or conscience.
A
The superego:
3
Q
A clash may occur…
A
at the border between neighboring cultural areas when the law of one cultural group is extended to cover the territory of another when members of one group migrate to another culture.
4
Q
Recent research has demonstrated that crime does indeed have _______ aspects similar to those found in studies of depression: biochemical abnormalities, abnormal brain waves, nervous system dysfunction. There is also evidence that strongly suggests a _______ ________ to criminality.
A
psychobiological
genetic predisposition
5
Q
three basic principles appeal to psychologists who study criminality:
A
- The actions and behavior of an adult are understood in terms of childhood development. 2. Behavior and unconscious motives are intertwined, and their interaction must be unraveled if we are to understand criminality. 3. Criminality is essentially a representation of psychological conflict.
6
Q
We learn behavior in various ways:
A
Observation
direct experience
differential reinforcement
7
Q
Not all those persons exposed to the same problems respond in the same way. -Not all people perceive the same situation as a problem. (person)
A
Nikos Passas
8
Q
when a single culture evolves into a variety of cultures, each with its own set of conduct norms.
A
secondary conflict
9
Q
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), the founder of _______
A
psychoanalysis
10
Q
Life situations are frequently controlled by conflicting _____, so no matter how people act, they may be violating some rule, often without being aware that they are doing so.
A
norms
11
Q
Moral development: Other factors, such as the presence or the absence of significant _____ _____, may play a part.
A
social bonds
12
Q
Between ___-___% of state correctional populations suffer from a type of mental disorder
A
20-60%
13
Q
Biochemical factors include:
A
food allergies
Diet
Hypoglycemia
hormones
14
Q
different groups learn different conduct norms (rules governing behavior) and that the conduct norms of some groups may clash with conventional middle-class rules.
A
culture conflict theory
15
Q
Bandura’s instigators
A
- Aversive instigators. Physical assaults, verbal threats, and insults; adverse reductions in conditions of life (such as impoverishment) and the thwarting of goal-directed behavior
- Incentive instigators. Rewards, such as money and praise
- Modeling instigators. Violent or aggressive behaviors observed in others
- Instructional instigators. Observations of people carrying out instructions to engage in violence or aggression
- Delusional instigators. Unfounded or bizarre beliefs that violence is necessary or justified
16
Q
If a violent personality can be shown to be ______ _______, crime-prevention strategies might try to identify “potential criminals” and to intervene before their criminal careers begin and before anyone knows if they would ever have become criminals.
A
genetically determined
17
Q
Use of ____ rather than ____ ____ ______ turns violent events into life-and-death situations; gangs battle gangs in a kind of street guerrilla warfare.
A
guns, knives and clubs (Drive by shootings)
18
Q
- the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished 2. the most meaningful rewards and punishments are those given by groups that are important in an individual’s life–the peer group, the family, teachers in school, and so forth.
A
Differential Reinforcement
19
Q
Who predicts that the greatest proportion of crime will be found in the lower classes.
A
Merton
Why? because lower-class people have the least opportunity to reach their goals legitimately
20
Q
The purpose of ______ _____ is to define what is considered appropriate or normal behavior and what is inappropriate or abnormal behavior.
A
conduct norms
21
Q
examined the impact of family structure on juvenile and adult crime
found that delinquency rates are lower among boys who live with their _____ postseparation compared to those who live with their _____. They also found that delinquency rates are _____ _____ in disrupted families and high-conflict intact families
A
mother, father
very similar
22
Q
____ created Strain Theory, ____ added anger/emotion to it.
A
Merton, Agnew
23
Q
The _____ ______ _____ that people encounter determine their behavior.
A
external social forces
24
Q
There is no simple connection between class and crime. -The relationship is highly complex -it involves many other factors such as… -race -seriousness of the offense -education of family and offender (2 people)
A
Terence Thornberry and Margaret Farnsworth
25
Some criminologists say that a growing number of middle-class youngsters no longer believe that the way to reach their goals is through ____ \_\_\_\_ and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_. They prefer reaping profits from quick drug sales or shoplifting goods that attract them.
hard work, delayed pleasure
26
Each type of strain increases an individual’s feelings of \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
anger, fear, depression
27
All human personality may be seen in three dimensions: 1. Psychoticism: aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive 2. Extroversion: sensation-seeking, dominant, and assertive 3. Neuroticism. having low self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and wide mood swings
Eysenck’s Conditioning Theory
28
those who conform to the standards of cultures considered deviant are behaving in accordance with their own norms but may be breaking the law…the norms of the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
dominant culture.
29
There are significant problems with adoption studies.
One is that little can be done to ensure the similarity of adopted children’s \_\_\_\_\_. Of even greater concern to criminologists, however, is the distinct possibility of mistaking \_\_1\_\_\_ for \_\_2\_\_\_. In other words, there appears to be a significant \_\_1\_\_\_ between the criminality of biological parents and adopted children in the research we have reviewed, but this \_\_1\_\_\_ does not prove that the genetic legacy passed on by a criminal parent \_\_\_2\_\_ an offspring to commit a crime.
environments
correlation, causation
30
Biocriminologists: study the relationship between
Criminality: Biochemical: Neurophysiological:
31
Example: The child of middle-class parents who has a low IQ might avoid delinquent behavior. But if that child’s circumstances changed so that he lived in a lower-class, single-parent environment, he might find the delinquent lifestyle of the children in the new neighborhood __ \_\_\_\_\_\_ _ \_\_\_\_\_.
too tempting to resist.
32
Social Disorganization: the breakdown of…
1. effective social bonds
2. family and neighborhood associations
3. social controls in neighborhoods and communities.
33
Freud proposed that criminality may result from an ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or conscience.
overactive superego
34
Durkheim's concept of anomie was intended to explain \_\_\_\_\_\_.
suicide
35
deals with the functions of the nervous system
neurophysiological
36
Eysenck has identified two additional aspects of a criminal’s poor conditionability. 1. ______ are much more difficult to condition than _______ and thus have greater difficulty in developing a conscience.
extroverts, introverts
37
It suggests that the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished.
Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory
38
accept society’s goals, but because they have few legitimate means of achieving them, they design their own means for getting ahead.
innovation T
he means may be burglary, robbery, embezzlement, or a host of other crimes.
39
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment:
Children form an attachment to one primary figure in the first nine months of life. That principal attachment figure is the person who supplies the most social interaction of a satisfying kind.
ontogeny (course of development)
40
Of boys who had noncriminal adoptive parents and criminal biological parents, ____ percent were convicted of crimes. Of boys who had both criminal adoptive parents and criminal biological parents, ____ percent were convicted of crimes.
20, 24.5
41
What we eat, what we say, what we believe–in fact, the way we respond to any situation–depends on the culture in which we have been reared. based on the learning of criminal (or deviant) norms or attitudes.
differential association theory
42
It is estimated that between __ and __ percent of gang members own or have access to weapons.
50, 70
43
On the other hand, when environment–poverty, broken homes, and other problems–is seen as the major cause of violence, crime prevention takes the shape of ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ rather than labeling individuals.
improving social conditions
44
Groups become fragmented, and in the absence of a ______ \_\_\_\_ __ \_\_\_\_, the actions and expectations of people in one sector may clash with those of people in another.
common set of rules
45
focuses on the development of high-crime areas in which there is a disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased immigration, and urbanization.
social disorganization theory
46
Adverse situations and events may include - child abuse - criminal victimization - bad experiences with peers - school problems - verbal threats. Criminal behavior in these situations may result when an individual tries to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
run away from the situation, end the problem, or seek revenge.
47
As behavior becomes unpredictable, the system gradually breaks down, and the society is in a state of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
anomie
48
individuals who examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, moral principles, and duties.
Postcoventional level
49
People reject both the cultural goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals
substitute their own goals (get rid of the establishment) and their own means (protest). They have an alternative scheme for a new social structure, however ill-defined. Militias trying to establish their own alternative quasi-governmental structures.
rebellion
50
the chemical and substances which occur within living organisms
biochemical
51
Youngsters who grow up in a culture where… - friends are delinquent - parents are criminals - drug abuse is common - where early experiences with delinquent activities are widespread
John Hagan
52
powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction.
The id:
53
As Diana H. Fishbein has aptly noted, the idea of a “\_\_\_\_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_\_” is frequently advocated.
conditioned free will This view suggests that individuals make choices (free will) in regard to a particular action within a range of possibilities that is “preset” yet flexible
54
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Though learning plays a role in the development of attachment, Bowlby finds that attachments are the products not of rewards or reinforcements, but of basic social interaction.
Learning
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the basic structures that contain our genes–the biological material that makes each of us unique.
Chromosomes, Each human being has 23 pairs of inherited chromosomes.
56
According to differential association theory, the main difference between a criminal and a noncriminal is that each is
responding to different sets of conduct norms.
57
people learn to commit crime as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns.
differential association theory
58
Investigators have identified the following food components as substances that may result in severe allergic reactions:
Phenylethylamine (found in chocolate) Tyramine (found in aged cheese and wine) Monosodium glutamate (used as a flavor enhancer in many foods) Aspartame (found in artificial sweeteners) Xanthines (found in caffeine)
59
The results of adoption studies support the claim that the criminality of ______ parents has more influence on the child than does that of the _____ parents.
biological, adoptive
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ was preoccupied with the effects of social change.
Durkheim
61
the breakdown of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values
anomie
62
When conditions permit rational thought, one is fully _____ and _______ for one’s actions. It is only when conditions are somehow disturbed that free choice is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
accountable, responsible constricted
63
norms that regulate our daily lives. They are rules that reflect the attitudes of the groups to which each of us belongs.
conduct norms
64
Strain Theory attributes criminal behavior in the United States to
the striving of all citizens to conform with the conventional values of the middle class, primarily financial success.
65
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Attachment behavior has a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_–survival. It is found in almost all species of mammals and in birds
Biological Function
66
A ___ \_\_\_ ultimately results in a youngster’s associating with similar nonperformers, dropping out of school, and committing delinquent acts.
low IQ
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_’s theory suggests that humans develop a conscience through conditioning. From birth, we are rewarded for social behavior and punished for asocial behavior.
Eysenck
68
A variety of possibilities to account for individual differences…
defective conscience emotional immaturity inadequate childhood socialization maternal deprivation poor moral development
69
Investigation of the relation between food allergies + --------- + ------------ behavior.
agression, antisocial
70
Strain Theory vs. Cultural Deviance Theories
The programs that emanate from Strain Theory attempt to give underprivileged children ways to achieve middle-class goals. Programs based on Cultural Deviance Theories concentrate on teaching middle-class values
71
Biological and psychological theories assume that criminal behavior results from underlying physical or mental conditions that distinguish _____ from \_\_\_\_\_\_
criminals, noncriminals
72
Members of ________ gangs as double failures They have not been successful in the legitimate world and have been equally unsuccessful in the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs. This subculture is characterized by a continuous search for getting high through alcohol, atypical sexual experiences, marijuana, hard drugs, etc.
retreatist
73
General strain theory explains the range of strain-producing events.
1. Strain caused by the failure to achieve positively valued goals 2. . Strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli 3. stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual
74
Social learning theory: ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior.
delinquent behavior
75
wanted to identify family-related variables that would predict criminal activity.
Variables such as inadequate maternal affection and supervision, parental conflict, the mother’s lack of self-confidence, and the father’s deviance were significantly related to the commission of crimes against persons and/or property. The father’s absence by itself was not correlated with criminal behavior.
76
According to the Moral Reasoning Theory developed by \_\_\_\_\_\_, individuals who examine customs and social rules according to their own sense of universal human rights, moral principles, and duties are at the postconventional level (age 20~)
Kohlberg
77
Eysenck has identified two additional aspects of a criminal’s poor conditionability. 2. Differences in conditionability are dependent on certain physiological factors, the most important of which is ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or activation of the cerebral cortex
cortical arousal
78
The capacity to deal with strain depends on personal experience throughout life.
-the influence of peers -temperament (personality) -attitudes (outlooks) -in the case of pressing financial problems, economic resources.
79
Behavior is learned when it is ______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
reinforced, rewarded
80
The most critical reaction for General Strain Theory is \_\_\_\_\_
anger
81
children’s moral rules and moral values consist of dos and don’ts to avoid punishment.
preconventional level
82
Durkeim believed that when a simple society develops into a modern, urbanized one…
the intimacy needed to sustain a common set of norms declines.
83
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Attachments are selective, usually directed to one or more individuals in some order of preference.
specificity
84
the concept of deviance can be applied to…
1. noncriminal acts that members of a group view as peculiar or unusual (the lifestyle of the Amish) 2. criminal acts (behavior that society has made illegal).
85
Since 1908 there have been numerous ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ indicating that various foods cause reactions such as irritability, hyperactivity, seizures, agitation, and behavior that is “out of character.”
medical reports
86
Failure to achieve material goals is not the only reason for committing crime. Criminal behavior may also be related to the anger and frustration that result when an individual is treated in a way he or she does not want to be treated in a social relationship.
Strain Theory
87
This type of conflict occurs when the homogeneous societies of simpler cultures become complex societies in which the number of social groupings multiplies constantly and norms are often at odds.
secondary conflict
88
What is one of the most valued entities that the middle class has?
Money.
89
\_\_\_\_ ______ named violent or aggressive behaviors observed in others as modeling instigators.
Albert Bandura
90
Studies on the extra chromosome in people with XYY syndrome have investigated the possible relationship between criminal behavior and chromosomal abnormality.
The XYY male receives two Y chromosomes from his father rather than one. Approximately 1 in 1,000 newborn males in the general population has this genetic composition. Initial studies done in the 1960s found the frequency of XYY chromosomes to be about 20 times greater than normal XY chromosomes among inmates in maximum-security state hospitals. The XYY inmates tended to be tall, physically aggressive, and, frequently, violent.
91
behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law
criminality
92
the most common mode of adjustment.
conformity will accept (though not necessarily achieve) the goals of our society and the means it approves for achieving them.
93
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Attachments endure and persist, sometimes throughout the life cycle.
duration
94
Why join a gang?
failure to reach middle-class goals value systems of some subcultures demand the use of violence in certain social situations the few means of attaining status in a slum structurally induced strain
95
Recent research has demonstrated that crime does indeed have psychobiological aspects similar to those found in studies of depression: biochemical abnormalities, abnormal brain waves, nervous system dysfunction. There is also evidence that strongly suggests a _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to criminality.
genetic predisposition
96
This world gives rise to “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_,” whose goal is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence
conflict gangs
97
“moral insanity”
by the English physician James C. Prichard
98
The _________ approach is still one of the most prominent explanations for both normal and asocial functioning
psychoanalytic
99
Criminality
behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law
100
a moral code or conscience.
The superego:
101
Critics voiced concern over the fact that these studies were ____ \_\_ _____ \_\_\_\_ ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
done on small and unrepresentative samples.
102
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Attachment behavior follows cognitive development and interpersonal maturation from birth onward.
Organization
103
The differences in conditionability are dependent on certain physiological factors, the most important of which is ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
cortical arousal.
104
Biological and psychological theories assume that criminal behavior results from _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that distinguish criminals from noncriminals
underlying physical or mental conditions
105
biochemical
the chemical and substances which occur within living oranisms
106
The real problem, ______ argued, is created by a social structure that holds out the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them.
Merton
107
A National Academy of Science (NAS) report on violence recommended finding better ways to intervene in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the development of children who could become violent It listed risk factors statistically linked to violence: hyperactivity, poor early grades, low IQ, fearlessness, and an inability to defer gratification, for example. A report released by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Study Group on Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders identifies a number of behavioral precursors to juvenile violence, including: difficult temperament, hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggression, lying, and risk-taking behavior
108
The Moral Developmental Theory: most delinquents and criminals reason at the ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
preconventional level.
109
Because lower-class persons do not have l\_\_\_\_\_ _____ to reach this goal, they turn to _____ \_\_\_\_\_ in desperation.
legitimate means, illegitimate means
110
The _____ of the brain is responsible for: 1. higher intellectual functioning 2. information processing 3. decision making.
cortex
111
Scholars who view crime as resulting from cultural values that permit, or even demand, behavior in violation of the law
cultural deviance theorists
112
the executive of the personality, acting as a moderator between the superego and id.
The ego:
113
Of boys whose adoptive and biological parents had no criminal record, ____ percent were convicted of crimes. Of boys who had criminal adoptive parents and noncriminal biological parents, ____ percent were convicted of crimes.
13.5, 14.7
114
Sociologist ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ worked on Merton’s ideas of strain.
Robert Agnew
115
Cultural Deviance Theories attribute crime to
a set of values that exist in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Conformity with the lower-class value system, which determines behavior in slum areas, causes conflict with society’s laws
116
Each of these food components has been associated with behavioral disorders, including \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
criminality
117
stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual -results from the actual or anticipated loss of something or someone important in one’s life
strain theory
118
Gangs often judge each other by their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
firepower. Their arsenal of weapons includes sawed-off rifles and shotguns, semiautomatic weapons like the Uzi and the AK-47, all types of handguns, body armor, and explosives. Gangs have “treasuries” to buy the sophisticated weapons that are now used on the street for resolving conflicts, for demonstrating bravery, for self-defense, and for protecting turf
119
\_\_\_\_\_ gangs vs _____ gangs
conflict, retreatist
120
Neurophysiological factors include
brain lesions brain wave abnormalities minimal brain dysfunction
121
deals with the functions of the nervous system
neorophysiological
122
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has found any direct link between genes and violence.
no one yet
123
Social learning theorists _____ the notion that internal functioning alone makes us prone to act aggressively or violently.
reject
124
argues that all members of society subscribe to the cultural values of the middle class
strain theory
125
Studies have found that violent and impulsive male offenders had a higher rate of ________ than noncriminal controls.
hypoglycemia
126
Strain Theorist
American sociologist Robert Merton, 1910–2003
127
Eysenck found that individuals who are easily _______ and develop a conscience have a high level of cortical arousal; they do not need intense external stimulation to become aroused. A low level of cortical arousal is associated with poor \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, difficulty in developing a conscience, and need for external stimulation.
conditionable, conditionability
128
Neighborhoods characterized by transience and instability offer few opportunities to get ahead in organized criminal activities. This world gives rise to “conflict gangs,” whose goal is to gain a reputation for toughness and destructive violence
Cloward and Ohlin
129
After evaluating the existing literature on the relationship between IQ and crime, _________ and __________ concluded that IQ is an even more important factor in predicting crime than either social class or race.
Travis Hirschi, Michael Hindelang
130
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment: Some of the most intense emotions are associated with attachment relationships.
engagement of emotion
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ at there is an inevitability (predictability, certainty) about the process of becoming a criminal
Edwin Sutherland
132
\_\_\_\_\_\_ distinguishes between primary and secondary conflicts.
Thorsten Sellin
133
General strain theory acknowledges that not all persons who experience strain become criminals.
-Many are equipped to cope with their frustration and anger. -Some come up with rationalizations -Others use techniques for physical relief
134
When Durkheim analyzed statistical data, he found suicide rates increased during times of
sudden economic change Whether that change was major depression or unexpected prosperity.
135
gangs, such as skinheads, attach themselves to an ideology that targets ____ \_\_\_ _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
racial and ethnic groups.
136
: They have internalized the value system and therefore are under internal pressure not to innovate.
retreatism The retreatist mode allows an escape into a nonproductive, non-striving lifestyle, withdrawing into the world of drug addiction or alcoholism.
137
Neighborhoods characterized by ________ and _______ offer few opportunities to get ahead in organized criminal activities.
transience, instability
