Unit 4 Flashcards
What do cytokines do
Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and act as a signal to other defence cells
What is phagocytosis
Phagocyte cells recognise surface antigens on pathogens that aren’t your self antigens so surround engulfs and destroys them
What do natural killer cells do
Induce virus infected cells to produce self destruct enzymes during apoptosis
Physical barriers
Epithelium lining the respiratory and digestive system etc
Name chemical barriers
Mucus, acid, tears
Name what happens in the inflammatory response
Mast cells release histamine and cytokines are released
- histamine cause blood capillary to dilate and become more permeable
- cytokines cause antimicrobial proteins and clotting elements and phagocytes to be delivered and accumulate
- phagocytosis
- phagocytes release more cytokines to stimulate specific immune response
Name the function of epithelium cells in the breathing tubes
The ciliated epithelium lines the breathing tubes and secretes mucus which traps infective particles. The cilia beat to sweep mucus and trapped particles away from lungs
What happens during phagocytosis
Antigens from pathogen surface are detected by phagocyte
Pathogen is engulfed into a vesicle
Lysosomes fuse with vesicle and release digestive enzymes that destroy
Digested products diffuse into Cytoplasm for nutrition
What do natural killer cells release
Cytokines
What are infectious diseases caused by
Pathogens
How can pathogens be transferred physically
Shaking hands etc or sharing s needle or breathing in contaminated air
How can pathogens be transferred chemically
Saliva, seminal fluid, blood, contaminated water or infected mosquito
How can disease acting pathogens be controlled
Quarantine or antisepsis
How can we stopped infectious disease through social responsibly
Good hygiene, safe sexual practises, high quality water etc appropriate waste disposal
What is epidemiology
The study of the causes, patterns and occurrence of infectious diseases
What is sporadic
Occasional occurrence in an area
What is endemic
Regular occurrence in an area
What is epidemic
Unusually high cases in an area
What is pandemic
An epidemic on a global scale
What’s a vector organism
An organism that can carry or transfer a stage of a disease parasite into the body
What do white blood cells secrete
Cytokines
What do white blood cells do if there is an infected area
White blood cells secrete cytokines which trigger an increase in blood flow to area
What is clonal selection theory
When an antigen binds with a lymphocyte that matches with it, it then undergoes mitosis to make identical copies to fight the antigen and after it’s fought makes some memory cells
Why do lymphocytes have surface proteins
To distinguish between self and non self antigens so doesn’t attack bodies own cells
What do T lymphocytes do
Induce apoptosis, secrete cytokines
What do B lymphocytes do
Makes antibodies which are released in big quantities into the blood to the infected tissue, recognise Althea antigen and deactivate jt
What’s an autoimmune disease
The attack on the bodies tissues by the lymphocytes caused symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis
Why can people be allergic to things
A B lymphocyte becomes hyper sensitive to certain normally harmless antigens such as Pollen and nuts
What’s immunological memory
Second exposure gives a faster and greater response then immune so could have it but it’s gone so quick you don’t realise
What’s a vaccine
Starts an immune response in the sam way a real antigen would but without the illness so your body can create antibodies
What’s an adjuvant
Substance that can be mixed with antigens from infectious pathogens to enhance the immune response. Can result in a higher concentration of antibodies and longer lasting protection
What is herd immunity
If enough people are immune to a disease that is infectious then it protects those who are not. Immune individuals act as a barrier preventing spread
What are some problems in achieving herd immunity
In some areas, mass immunisation isn’t possible because of poverty and some parents reject vaccines
What’s a clinical trial
Obtaining data about new drugs or treatment
What’s a placebo controlled protocol
Certain participants the drug and certain participants a blank
What’s a double blind protocol
Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows the treatment given
