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HUMAN BIOLOGY > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do cytokines do

A

Cytokines are secreted by white blood cells and act as a signal to other defence cells

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2
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte cells recognise surface antigens on pathogens that aren’t your self antigens so surround engulfs and destroys them

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3
Q

What do natural killer cells do

A

Induce virus infected cells to produce self destruct enzymes during apoptosis

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4
Q

Physical barriers

A

Epithelium lining the respiratory and digestive system etc

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5
Q

Name chemical barriers

A

Mucus, acid, tears

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6
Q

Name what happens in the inflammatory response

A

Mast cells release histamine and cytokines are released

  • histamine cause blood capillary to dilate and become more permeable
  • cytokines cause antimicrobial proteins and clotting elements and phagocytes to be delivered and accumulate
  • phagocytosis
  • phagocytes release more cytokines to stimulate specific immune response
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7
Q

Name the function of epithelium cells in the breathing tubes

A

The ciliated epithelium lines the breathing tubes and secretes mucus which traps infective particles. The cilia beat to sweep mucus and trapped particles away from lungs

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8
Q

What happens during phagocytosis

A

Antigens from pathogen surface are detected by phagocyte

Pathogen is engulfed into a vesicle

Lysosomes fuse with vesicle and release digestive enzymes that destroy

Digested products diffuse into Cytoplasm for nutrition

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9
Q

What do natural killer cells release

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

What are infectious diseases caused by

A

Pathogens

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11
Q

How can pathogens be transferred physically

A

Shaking hands etc or sharing s needle or breathing in contaminated air

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12
Q

How can pathogens be transferred chemically

A

Saliva, seminal fluid, blood, contaminated water or infected mosquito

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13
Q

How can disease acting pathogens be controlled

A

Quarantine or antisepsis

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14
Q

How can we stopped infectious disease through social responsibly

A

Good hygiene, safe sexual practises, high quality water etc appropriate waste disposal

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15
Q

What is epidemiology

A

The study of the causes, patterns and occurrence of infectious diseases

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16
Q

What is sporadic

A

Occasional occurrence in an area

17
Q

What is endemic

A

Regular occurrence in an area

18
Q

What is epidemic

A

Unusually high cases in an area

19
Q

What is pandemic

A

An epidemic on a global scale

20
Q

What’s a vector organism

A

An organism that can carry or transfer a stage of a disease parasite into the body

21
Q

What do white blood cells secrete

A

Cytokines

22
Q

What do white blood cells do if there is an infected area

A

White blood cells secrete cytokines which trigger an increase in blood flow to area

23
Q

What is clonal selection theory

A

When an antigen binds with a lymphocyte that matches with it, it then undergoes mitosis to make identical copies to fight the antigen and after it’s fought makes some memory cells

24
Q

Why do lymphocytes have surface proteins

A

To distinguish between self and non self antigens so doesn’t attack bodies own cells

25
Q

What do T lymphocytes do

A

Induce apoptosis, secrete cytokines

26
Q

What do B lymphocytes do

A

Makes antibodies which are released in big quantities into the blood to the infected tissue, recognise Althea antigen and deactivate jt

27
Q

What’s an autoimmune disease

A

The attack on the bodies tissues by the lymphocytes caused symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis

28
Q

Why can people be allergic to things

A

A B lymphocyte becomes hyper sensitive to certain normally harmless antigens such as Pollen and nuts

29
Q

What’s immunological memory

A

Second exposure gives a faster and greater response then immune so could have it but it’s gone so quick you don’t realise

30
Q

What’s a vaccine

A

Starts an immune response in the sam way a real antigen would but without the illness so your body can create antibodies

31
Q

What’s an adjuvant

A

Substance that can be mixed with antigens from infectious pathogens to enhance the immune response. Can result in a higher concentration of antibodies and longer lasting protection

32
Q

What is herd immunity

A

If enough people are immune to a disease that is infectious then it protects those who are not. Immune individuals act as a barrier preventing spread

33
Q

What are some problems in achieving herd immunity

A

In some areas, mass immunisation isn’t possible because of poverty and some parents reject vaccines

34
Q

What’s a clinical trial

A

Obtaining data about new drugs or treatment

35
Q

What’s a placebo controlled protocol

A

Certain participants the drug and certain participants a blank

36
Q

What’s a double blind protocol

A

Neither the experimenter nor the participant knows the treatment given

HUMAN BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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