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HLST 301 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what arts are included under arts therapy?

A

music, dance, visual arts, poetry and drama

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2
Q

What is creativity in arts therapy?

A

the ability to produce something that changes the existing thoughts in a domain

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3
Q

What is creative arts therapy and what does it include

A

uses creative processes in interventions in therapeutic, rehabilitative, community or educational settings to foster health, communication, and expression

It includes art therapy, dance, drama therapy, music therapy, psychodrama, and poetry.

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4
Q

What does creative arts therapy promote?

A

promotes the integration of physical, emotional, cognitive and social functioning to aid in enhancing self awareness

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5
Q

What does arts medicine study?

A

the relationship of human health to arts.

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6
Q

why are arts and artistic creativity explored in arts medicine?

A

explored for their etiological, diagnostic, educational, therapeutic, and environmental potential

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7
Q

What is expressive therapies?

A

the use of the expressive arts in a supportive setting to facilitate awareness, growth and healing.

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8
Q

What is imagery in arts therapy?

A

a mental process and a wide variety of procedures used in therapy to encourage changes in attitudes, behaviour, or physiological reactions

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9
Q

What are three categories of imagery?

A

evaluation or diagnostic imagery, mental rehearsal, therapeutic intervention

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10
Q

What re expressive art therapies categorized as?

A

mind-body therapies or embracing the holistic model of medicine

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11
Q

What do the arts promote in individuals? (8 of them)

A

the arts promote the effects of freedom, self-esteem, growth, pleasure, communication, love, a sense of community and the connectedness to life forces

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12
Q

What is the fundamental concept of choice in the expressive arts therapy?

A

humans can choose the perceive the abundant internal beauty of themselves an the universe. They can incorporate this beauty into their lives through a conscious decision

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13
Q

What is the fundamental theory of democratization of the arts? (hint: accepting)

A

everyone may engage in the arts without fearing shame, ridicule, derision, or embarrassment and in a safe environment that allows people to remove their inner critic

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14
Q

How are the arts different from pathology medicine and paternalism?

A

arts is based on love of life, self-determination, and responsibility. This is on contrast to medicine where it is based on fear of death, dependency and victimhood

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15
Q

What is the potential biological mechanism of action for arts therapy?

A

muscular movement which is a central feature of expression in all the arts

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16
Q

What can arts lead to?

A

self-knowledge
self-discovery
mood change
emotional catharsis

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17
Q

What is musculoskeletal movement involved in in regards to arts?

A 
music making
sculpting
singing
drama
writing
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18
Q

What individuals does musculoskeletal movement have a special relevance for?

A

paediatric and geriatric, and people with movement disorders

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19
Q

What does movement help to accomplish in arts?

A

cardiovascular

discharge of suppressed emotions and trapped energy

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20
Q

Why is dance beneficial from an exercise perspective?

A

requires a large amount of muscle. Utilizes sensorimotor control, precision, speed, endurance and strength

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21
Q

How is the relaxation response implicated in arts therapy?

A

believed engaging in arts elicits an active medication form

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22
Q

What is the biochemical theory for music engaging the relaxation response?

A

biochemical theory: music is processed as a sense of hearing, activating biochemical changes through sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

what is entrainment theory for music engaging the relaxation response?

A

oscillations produced by music influence the human energy field

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24
Q

What is metaphysical theory for how music engages the relaxation response?

A

music is devine and puts us in touch or augments or spiritual selves, inducing a relaxed state

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25
Q

What can be used to stimulate emotional catharsis?

A

music, poetry and photographs can be used to stimulate both conscious and unconscious minds.

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26
Q

What can stimulate laughing in arts?

A

through all of the arts but especially through dancing music, theatre, clowning and singing

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27
Q

What is self-discovery believed to lead to?

A

knowledge of oneself believed to be the cornerstone of health. If achieved, only then can rational, healthy choices be made

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28
Q

What are the theoretical considerations and mechanisms of actions implicated in arts therapy

A

musculoskeletal movement, relaxation response, emotional catharsis, self discovery, creativity, pleasure and play, spirituality and transcendental states

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29
Q

What is a major theoretical tenant for expressive arts therapy?

A

everyone has the capacity of worth, dignity, and the capacity for expression and self direction.

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30
Q

What is needed to express creativity in arts therapy?

A

everyone needs a safe, accepting, empathetic and supportive environment to develop their full potential

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31
Q

What does expressive art refer to?

A

using the emotional, intuitive aspects of ourselves in various ways. It means going into our inner realms to discover feelings and expressing them

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32
Q

What is expressive art therapy used for in healing patients?

A

No concerned about the beauty of the art, but about the patient letting go and releasing their emotions

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33
Q

What are traits of creative individuals?

A 
independence
self-confidence
alertness
ambition
commitment to work
willingness to confront hostility
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34
Q

People with mental illness are creative? (T or F)

A

False. Mental illness is believed to hamper creativity in an individual, making flow difficult to achieve.

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35
Q

What are the eight main elements when describing how it feels when an experience is pleasurable?

A

1) clear goals exists
2) immediate feedback
3) challenge and skills are balanced
4) action and awareness are merged
5) total engagement
6) no worry of failure
7) time becomes distorted
8) activity is an end in itself

36
Q

What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for emotionally disturbed people?

A

to uncover and express feelings, gain insights, and develop therapeutic bonds and attachments

37
Q

What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for physically disabled people?

A

increase movement and self mastery and esteem, have fun and heighten creativity

38
Q

What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for the elderly?

A

maintain a healthy body
enhance vitality
develop relationships
express fear and grief

39
Q

What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for the mentally retarded?

A

motivate learning
increase bodily awareness
develop social skills

40
Q

What are the underlying goals for dance and movement therapy overall?

A

promote healing by altering mood, reawakening stored feelings, organizing thoughts, reducing isolation and establishing rapport

41
Q

What are the overall underlying goals of music therapy?

A

physical and emotional stimulation for people with chronic pain or impaired movement

42
Q

What types of problems does music therapy treat?

A

patients who are nonverbal such as autistic, eating disorders, expressing a wide range of emotions

43
Q

what subgroup of people is expressive arts especially valuable in?

A

paediatric, geriatric, AIDS, Health professionals, chronic disease patients, dying patients

44
Q

what can art therapy be effectively used as? How is this accomplished?

A

a diagnostic tool

Patients focus focus on parts of their bodies that concern them. They can draw images of their disease to explore the medical manifestations

45
Q

What is poetry therapy?

A

poetry for the purpose of healing and personal growth

46
Q

How is poetry therapy used?

A

used as a method of life review and reminiscence, especially in the elderly

47
Q

What is a life review in poetry therapy?

A

person writes their own autobiography using photos, letters, memoirs, and interviewing to gather their life story into a meaningful story.

48
Q

What does telling one’s own story accomplish in poetry therapy?

A

produces vital material for the therapeutic process

49
Q

What are the special goals of poetry therapy

A

to increase the patients capacity for playing with words

strengthen communication such as listening, speaking and writing

allow the patient to experience writing

50
Q

What is the most powerful poetic device in poetry therapy

A

a metaphor to discuss taboo subjects they may not be willing to talk about

51
Q

Who can benefit from music therapy?

A

people with schizophrenia, cancer, depression, chronic pain and women with breast cancer

52
Q

How is humour measured?

A

Laughter

53
Q

What is humour therapy?

A

It is not a memorized deck of jokes. It comes when therapists join in the laughter with the patients. This includes laughter, theater, verbal and physical play

54
Q

What is humour valuable for?

A

it can establish rapport and verbalize emotionally charged interpersonal events.

55
Q

How can humour help patients express their feelings?

A

humour helps patients to express embarrassing or frightening parts of their history

56
Q

What is the pathological benefits of mirthful laughter?

A

exercises the diaphragm and cardiovascular system.

Increases heart rate and blood pressure initially

after a while produces a longer decrease in heart rate, blood pressure and a relaxation response

57
Q

What is Mirthful laughters effect on muscles and lungs?

A

decreased tone in muscles not involved in laughter. Also increases oxygenation of blood and decrease in residual air in the lungs

58
Q

How do psychotherapists use laughter?

A

to facilitate insight and offer a sense of detachment or perspective.

Can also build a closer relationship with therapist and patient

59
Q

What does strong laughter correlate to?

A

increased self esteem and heightened experiencing

60
Q

Suggest how to create a humour therapy in a hospital setting

A

The creation of a humour cart can be accomplished. They contain comic videos, funny cartoon books, props, makeup, and costumes and volunteers to consult when needed

61
Q

What can humour therapy include in a hospital setting?

A

Wearing a loud bowtie, singing on the ward, engaging in word play, posting cartoons around the hospital, and inviting comedians

62
Q

What is humour therapy not?

A

not racist or sexist

63
Q

What is the first myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?

A

1st: we must have a reason to laugh. Many censor laughter because we think the reason is not good enough

64
Q

What is the second myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?

A

We laugh because we are happy when really we are happy because we laugh. We laugh because our body is fighting the distressed state it is in to feel better

65
Q

What is the third myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?

A

a sense of humour is the same thing as laughing. You do not need a sense of humour to laugh. Sense of humour varies according to culture, age, gender etc and is learned. Having a sense of humour does not guarantee laughter

66
Q

List five points that constitutes humour

A

1: Humour is not the equilivent of laughter
2: Joking makes up a minor percentage of humour
3: Humour is not a form of therapy
4: Humour does not cure diseases; is only an adjuvant
5: Humour has not been demonstrated to release endorphins

67
Q

What can humour be described as from a definition point? Hint: talk about humour as a psychological response

A

a mature psychological response to stress which is responded to with amusement

68
Q

What is key to how should humour be applied? (3 of them)

A

with kindness, compassion and empathy

69
Q

How should humour take place in medical practice?

A

With a twinkle of the eye contact, gentle amusement, and only in rarest situations, jokes

70
Q

What is the five mature ego mechanisms specific guide to conduct humour in medicine?

A

1: altruism
2: humour
3: anticipation
4: suppression
5: sublimation

71
Q

What is the four elements of successful; communication guide to conduct humour in medicine?

A

1: relationship
2: rapport
3: setting
4: time

72
Q

What are the three pathways to humour experience in the guide to conducting humour?

A

1: nonverbal interaction
2: raising of forbidden subjects
3: jokes and other forms of verbal humour

73
Q

Is situational humour appropriate?

A

yes, especially when it arises during stressful times. It is an important coping mechanism for everyone involved

74
Q

What is the safest way for physicians to determine is laughter is appropriate?

A

First establish a rapport with the patient
then look for humour by listening to what the patient jokes about
Do not go into a room with a list of jokes

75
Q

Give two reasons why you should go into a room with a list of jokes

A

First they can be offensive

second, you have no knowledge of weather they will be receptive to your kidding around

76
Q

How can humour help caregivers suffering from compassion fatigue?

A

They feel they have very little left to give. Finding humour in work and life may help to replenish from caregiver fatigue

77
Q

How should dance, music, and laughter be used in practice?

A

Because of wide variation between individuals, there is no one size fits all approach. They should be used with care to ensure the right therapy is used

78
Q

Where does dance, music, art, and laughter therapy fall between CAM and conventional medicine?

A

In a grey zone. Some places may accept it while others do not

79
Q

Explain why the placebo effect is not of a concern when examining music, laughter and dance therapies.

A

Because the benefit is being induced by the mind anyway, the placebo effect doesn’t matter.

For example: Case #1. A patient suffering from arthritic pain is given a drug which has no direct action on arthritis. However, because of the placebo effect, the patient feels less pain.

Case #2. A patient with arthritic pain is treated with music therapy and then feels less pain.

The only difference is case one patient told pain will reduce where case 2 he is not told. If the patient feels less pain then does it really matter?

80
Q

Why is dance difficult to determine if an effect has occurred?

A

Dance, however, is somewhat different as physical activity is involved. With dance therapy, therefore, we cannot be sure whether any benefit is due to the physical activity or occurs by way of a direct effect on the brain.

81
Q

Where does the evidence for supporting dance, music and laughter therapy come from?

A

Anecdotal evidence from people working in the institutions who promote these therapies.

82
Q

Describe how you would test the theory that humour is effective?

A

Older persons in a nursing home in Hong Kong took part in an 8-week humour therapy program. Patients in another nursing home did not receive the program and served as a control group. There were 36 older people in the experimental group and 34 in the control group. At the end of the program, there were significant decreases in pain and perception of loneliness, and significant increases in happiness and life satisfaction for the experimental group, but not for the control group.

83
Q

Is dance therapy appropriate for patients with chronic depression?

A

Exercise is generally useful for persons with depression and for that reason dance may be helpful. In addition to being a form of exercise, dance therapy may have other beneficial effects on brain function which may help improve the condition.

84
Q

Discuss the challenges in carrying out research studies on the value of humour as a therapy for elderly patients in a nursing home.

A

One form of research is to collect anecdotal observations (i.e., nurses and physicians report their observations based on the use of humour). However, this approach has serious limitations as explained in Unit 2. A research strategy that generates data of much more reliability is to carry out controlled study. One possible design is to use several different nursing homes. Half would receive humour as a therapy while the other would not. After a period of time the patients would be compared for any relevant changes in the patients, such as the quantity of medications used. However, it is important in this type of study to minimize observer bias (e.g., medical staff in the nursing homes that use humour expect to see improvements and therefore report improvements even if none take place).

85
Q

s music therapy appropriate for patients with dementia?

A

The answer to this question is not really known. Music therapy is unlikely to have a negative effect on persons with dementia. However, there is likely to be much variation from patient to patient. Moreover, musical preferences vary widely. It is appropriate to suggest music as an adjunct to other treatments and to continue with it if it appears to be helpful.

86
Q

s dance therapy appropriate for patients with painful arthritis?

A

Again, there is no simple answer to this question; it depends on the individual patients. Exercise is generally useful for persons with arthritis and for that reason dance may be helpful. However, many patients may have physical limitations that prevent them from dancing while others do not enjoy dancing.

87
Q

Is it appropriate to use humour on a ward with terminally ill patients?

A

There is no simple answer to this question; it depends on the individual patients. Humour may be appropriate for some patients but not for others. Similarly, a joke that one patient finds funny may cause offence to another patient. Another factor to consider is family members. Even if the patient is receptive to humour, the close family members may find this unacceptable.

HLST 301 (19 decks)

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