Unit 4 Flashcards
what arts are included under arts therapy?
music, dance, visual arts, poetry and drama
What is creativity in arts therapy?
the ability to produce something that changes the existing thoughts in a domain
What is creative arts therapy and what does it include
uses creative processes in interventions in therapeutic, rehabilitative, community or educational settings to foster health, communication, and expression
It includes art therapy, dance, drama therapy, music therapy, psychodrama, and poetry.
What does creative arts therapy promote?
promotes the integration of physical, emotional, cognitive and social functioning to aid in enhancing self awareness
What does arts medicine study?
the relationship of human health to arts.
why are arts and artistic creativity explored in arts medicine?
explored for their etiological, diagnostic, educational, therapeutic, and environmental potential
What is expressive therapies?
the use of the expressive arts in a supportive setting to facilitate awareness, growth and healing.
What is imagery in arts therapy?
a mental process and a wide variety of procedures used in therapy to encourage changes in attitudes, behaviour, or physiological reactions
What are three categories of imagery?
evaluation or diagnostic imagery, mental rehearsal, therapeutic intervention
What re expressive art therapies categorized as?
mind-body therapies or embracing the holistic model of medicine
What do the arts promote in individuals? (8 of them)
the arts promote the effects of freedom, self-esteem, growth, pleasure, communication, love, a sense of community and the connectedness to life forces
What is the fundamental concept of choice in the expressive arts therapy?
humans can choose the perceive the abundant internal beauty of themselves an the universe. They can incorporate this beauty into their lives through a conscious decision
What is the fundamental theory of democratization of the arts? (hint: accepting)
everyone may engage in the arts without fearing shame, ridicule, derision, or embarrassment and in a safe environment that allows people to remove their inner critic
How are the arts different from pathology medicine and paternalism?
arts is based on love of life, self-determination, and responsibility. This is on contrast to medicine where it is based on fear of death, dependency and victimhood
What is the potential biological mechanism of action for arts therapy?
muscular movement which is a central feature of expression in all the arts
What can arts lead to?
self-knowledge
self-discovery
mood change
emotional catharsis
What is musculoskeletal movement involved in in regards to arts?
music making sculpting singing drama writing
What individuals does musculoskeletal movement have a special relevance for?
paediatric and geriatric, and people with movement disorders
What does movement help to accomplish in arts?
cardiovascular
discharge of suppressed emotions and trapped energy
Why is dance beneficial from an exercise perspective?
requires a large amount of muscle. Utilizes sensorimotor control, precision, speed, endurance and strength
How is the relaxation response implicated in arts therapy?
believed engaging in arts elicits an active medication form
What is the biochemical theory for music engaging the relaxation response?
biochemical theory: music is processed as a sense of hearing, activating biochemical changes through sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system
what is entrainment theory for music engaging the relaxation response?
oscillations produced by music influence the human energy field
What is metaphysical theory for how music engages the relaxation response?
music is devine and puts us in touch or augments or spiritual selves, inducing a relaxed state
What can be used to stimulate emotional catharsis?
music, poetry and photographs can be used to stimulate both conscious and unconscious minds.
What can stimulate laughing in arts?
through all of the arts but especially through dancing music, theatre, clowning and singing
What is self-discovery believed to lead to?
knowledge of oneself believed to be the cornerstone of health. If achieved, only then can rational, healthy choices be made
What are the theoretical considerations and mechanisms of actions implicated in arts therapy
musculoskeletal movement, relaxation response, emotional catharsis, self discovery, creativity, pleasure and play, spirituality and transcendental states
What is a major theoretical tenant for expressive arts therapy?
everyone has the capacity of worth, dignity, and the capacity for expression and self direction.
What is needed to express creativity in arts therapy?
everyone needs a safe, accepting, empathetic and supportive environment to develop their full potential
What does expressive art refer to?
using the emotional, intuitive aspects of ourselves in various ways. It means going into our inner realms to discover feelings and expressing them
What is expressive art therapy used for in healing patients?
No concerned about the beauty of the art, but about the patient letting go and releasing their emotions
What are traits of creative individuals?
independence self-confidence alertness ambition commitment to work willingness to confront hostility
People with mental illness are creative? (T or F)
False. Mental illness is believed to hamper creativity in an individual, making flow difficult to achieve.
What are the eight main elements when describing how it feels when an experience is pleasurable?
1) clear goals exists
2) immediate feedback
3) challenge and skills are balanced
4) action and awareness are merged
5) total engagement
6) no worry of failure
7) time becomes distorted
8) activity is an end in itself
What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for emotionally disturbed people?
to uncover and express feelings, gain insights, and develop therapeutic bonds and attachments
What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for physically disabled people?
increase movement and self mastery and esteem, have fun and heighten creativity
What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for the elderly?
maintain a healthy body
enhance vitality
develop relationships
express fear and grief
What is the goal of dance and movement therapy for the mentally retarded?
motivate learning
increase bodily awareness
develop social skills
What are the underlying goals for dance and movement therapy overall?
promote healing by altering mood, reawakening stored feelings, organizing thoughts, reducing isolation and establishing rapport
What are the overall underlying goals of music therapy?
physical and emotional stimulation for people with chronic pain or impaired movement
What types of problems does music therapy treat?
patients who are nonverbal such as autistic, eating disorders, expressing a wide range of emotions
what subgroup of people is expressive arts especially valuable in?
paediatric, geriatric, AIDS, Health professionals, chronic disease patients, dying patients
what can art therapy be effectively used as? How is this accomplished?
a diagnostic tool
Patients focus focus on parts of their bodies that concern them. They can draw images of their disease to explore the medical manifestations
What is poetry therapy?
poetry for the purpose of healing and personal growth
How is poetry therapy used?
used as a method of life review and reminiscence, especially in the elderly
What is a life review in poetry therapy?
person writes their own autobiography using photos, letters, memoirs, and interviewing to gather their life story into a meaningful story.
What does telling one’s own story accomplish in poetry therapy?
produces vital material for the therapeutic process
What are the special goals of poetry therapy
to increase the patients capacity for playing with words
strengthen communication such as listening, speaking and writing
allow the patient to experience writing
What is the most powerful poetic device in poetry therapy
a metaphor to discuss taboo subjects they may not be willing to talk about
Who can benefit from music therapy?
people with schizophrenia, cancer, depression, chronic pain and women with breast cancer
How is humour measured?
Laughter
What is humour therapy?
It is not a memorized deck of jokes. It comes when therapists join in the laughter with the patients. This includes laughter, theater, verbal and physical play
What is humour valuable for?
it can establish rapport and verbalize emotionally charged interpersonal events.
How can humour help patients express their feelings?
humour helps patients to express embarrassing or frightening parts of their history
What is the pathological benefits of mirthful laughter?
exercises the diaphragm and cardiovascular system.
Increases heart rate and blood pressure initially
after a while produces a longer decrease in heart rate, blood pressure and a relaxation response
What is Mirthful laughters effect on muscles and lungs?
decreased tone in muscles not involved in laughter. Also increases oxygenation of blood and decrease in residual air in the lungs
How do psychotherapists use laughter?
to facilitate insight and offer a sense of detachment or perspective.
Can also build a closer relationship with therapist and patient
What does strong laughter correlate to?
increased self esteem and heightened experiencing
Suggest how to create a humour therapy in a hospital setting
The creation of a humour cart can be accomplished. They contain comic videos, funny cartoon books, props, makeup, and costumes and volunteers to consult when needed
What can humour therapy include in a hospital setting?
Wearing a loud bowtie, singing on the ward, engaging in word play, posting cartoons around the hospital, and inviting comedians
What is humour therapy not?
not racist or sexist
What is the first myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?
1st: we must have a reason to laugh. Many censor laughter because we think the reason is not good enough
What is the second myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?
We laugh because we are happy when really we are happy because we laugh. We laugh because our body is fighting the distressed state it is in to feel better
What is the third myth about laughter that keep us from laughing?
a sense of humour is the same thing as laughing. You do not need a sense of humour to laugh. Sense of humour varies according to culture, age, gender etc and is learned. Having a sense of humour does not guarantee laughter
List five points that constitutes humour
1: Humour is not the equilivent of laughter
2: Joking makes up a minor percentage of humour
3: Humour is not a form of therapy
4: Humour does not cure diseases; is only an adjuvant
5: Humour has not been demonstrated to release endorphins
What can humour be described as from a definition point? Hint: talk about humour as a psychological response
a mature psychological response to stress which is responded to with amusement
What is key to how should humour be applied? (3 of them)
with kindness, compassion and empathy
How should humour take place in medical practice?
With a twinkle of the eye contact, gentle amusement, and only in rarest situations, jokes
What is the five mature ego mechanisms specific guide to conduct humour in medicine?
1: altruism
2: humour
3: anticipation
4: suppression
5: sublimation
What is the four elements of successful; communication guide to conduct humour in medicine?
1: relationship
2: rapport
3: setting
4: time
What are the three pathways to humour experience in the guide to conducting humour?
1: nonverbal interaction
2: raising of forbidden subjects
3: jokes and other forms of verbal humour
Is situational humour appropriate?
yes, especially when it arises during stressful times. It is an important coping mechanism for everyone involved
What is the safest way for physicians to determine is laughter is appropriate?
First establish a rapport with the patient
then look for humour by listening to what the patient jokes about
Do not go into a room with a list of jokes
Give two reasons why you should go into a room with a list of jokes
First they can be offensive
second, you have no knowledge of weather they will be receptive to your kidding around
How can humour help caregivers suffering from compassion fatigue?
They feel they have very little left to give. Finding humour in work and life may help to replenish from caregiver fatigue
How should dance, music, and laughter be used in practice?
Because of wide variation between individuals, there is no one size fits all approach. They should be used with care to ensure the right therapy is used
Where does dance, music, art, and laughter therapy fall between CAM and conventional medicine?
In a grey zone. Some places may accept it while others do not
Explain why the placebo effect is not of a concern when examining music, laughter and dance therapies.
Because the benefit is being induced by the mind anyway, the placebo effect doesn’t matter.
For example: Case #1. A patient suffering from arthritic pain is given a drug which has no direct action on arthritis. However, because of the placebo effect, the patient feels less pain.
Case #2. A patient with arthritic pain is treated with music therapy and then feels less pain.
The only difference is case one patient told pain will reduce where case 2 he is not told. If the patient feels less pain then does it really matter?
Why is dance difficult to determine if an effect has occurred?
Dance, however, is somewhat different as physical activity is involved. With dance therapy, therefore, we cannot be sure whether any benefit is due to the physical activity or occurs by way of a direct effect on the brain.
Where does the evidence for supporting dance, music and laughter therapy come from?
Anecdotal evidence from people working in the institutions who promote these therapies.
Describe how you would test the theory that humour is effective?
Older persons in a nursing home in Hong Kong took part in an 8-week humour therapy program. Patients in another nursing home did not receive the program and served as a control group. There were 36 older people in the experimental group and 34 in the control group. At the end of the program, there were significant decreases in pain and perception of loneliness, and significant increases in happiness and life satisfaction for the experimental group, but not for the control group.
Is dance therapy appropriate for patients with chronic depression?
Exercise is generally useful for persons with depression and for that reason dance may be helpful. In addition to being a form of exercise, dance therapy may have other beneficial effects on brain function which may help improve the condition.
Discuss the challenges in carrying out research studies on the value of humour as a therapy for elderly patients in a nursing home.
One form of research is to collect anecdotal observations (i.e., nurses and physicians report their observations based on the use of humour). However, this approach has serious limitations as explained in Unit 2. A research strategy that generates data of much more reliability is to carry out controlled study. One possible design is to use several different nursing homes. Half would receive humour as a therapy while the other would not. After a period of time the patients would be compared for any relevant changes in the patients, such as the quantity of medications used. However, it is important in this type of study to minimize observer bias (e.g., medical staff in the nursing homes that use humour expect to see improvements and therefore report improvements even if none take place).
s music therapy appropriate for patients with dementia?
The answer to this question is not really known. Music therapy is unlikely to have a negative effect on persons with dementia. However, there is likely to be much variation from patient to patient. Moreover, musical preferences vary widely. It is appropriate to suggest music as an adjunct to other treatments and to continue with it if it appears to be helpful.
s dance therapy appropriate for patients with painful arthritis?
Again, there is no simple answer to this question; it depends on the individual patients. Exercise is generally useful for persons with arthritis and for that reason dance may be helpful. However, many patients may have physical limitations that prevent them from dancing while others do not enjoy dancing.
Is it appropriate to use humour on a ward with terminally ill patients?
There is no simple answer to this question; it depends on the individual patients. Humour may be appropriate for some patients but not for others. Similarly, a joke that one patient finds funny may cause offence to another patient. Another factor to consider is family members. Even if the patient is receptive to humour, the close family members may find this unacceptable.
