overview to work on Flashcards
Describe how energies and forces could attract patients to CAM therapies
a simple and appealing concept in contrast to complex medical science
Describe how self-healing could attract patients to CAM therapies
Denotes the ability of one’s mind, body and spirit to combat chronic and acute disease
describe how holistic could attract patients to CAM therapies
involves treating the entire body of the patient including mind, body and spirit
Describe how the unifying hypothesis of disease could attract patients to CAM therapies
A universal theory of disease. For example, TCM using sing and yang and disease state is when out of balance. Chiropractors use spinal misalignment for all disease
Describe how natural could attract patients to CAM therapies
denotes a therapy which is not a processed pharmaceutical and is appealing to patients. Yet natural doesn’t mean safe, such as poison ivy is natural but harmful
Describe how traditional could attract patients to CAM therapies
Denotes therapies used for an extended period of time. In contrast to modern medicine which favours scientific rigour. For example, blood letting used in conventional medicine until proven harmful
Describe how exotic could attract patients to CAM therapies
exotic is an enthralling experience to the patient, almost like magic is attractive to people. It can provide hope where there is no hope
Describe how individual attention could attract patients to CAM therapies
Conventional medicine has a limited amount of attention paid to patients, whereas CAM practitioners give a lot more time to hear their patients needs. This extra time can impart a placebo effect.
Describe how the David and Goliath mentality could attract patients to CAM therapies
In CAM, the perceived notion of persecution of CAM therapies can be seen as a badge of honour for these therapies. The patient believes in the therapy because they think that persecution means they are afraid.
Describe how hope and belief in treatment could attract patients to CAM therapies
In conventional medicine, doctors have an ethic to warn of the side effects which can be perceived by the patient as a lack in confidence in the treatment. In CAM, this duty could be waived and practitioners are more enthusiastic about their treatment, giving the patent more hope in the therapy.
Describe how control could attract patients to CAM therapies
Conventional medicine focuses on paternalism to guide their patients to health. CAM allows the patient more freedom to make choices for themselves, and allows them to be an active participant
Describe how the belief in non-toxic therapies could attract patients to CAM therapies
Patients believe therapies are non-toxic and is attractive to them. Using terms like natural and rebalancing are seen by these patients as less toxic to their bodies than terms used in conventional medicine such as pain killers and Chemo.
What 4 questions should be asked when evaluating CAM therapies?
Does the therapy have a benefit on an individual disease?
Does the therapy have an advantage over an existing therapy?
Is there mechanism to the therapy?
Is the effect of the therapy a placebo?
What are some of the placebo effects seen in observational research (hint: there are seven)
Natural history of disease
Fluctuation of disease
Premature followup
Spontaneous regression
Misinterpretation of information
Wrong information
Simultaneous conventional therapy
Describe how Redi utilized experimental design to disprove the spontaneous regeneration of Maggots theory (hint: 5 steps).
1) observed that flies swarm around meat
2) Created the hypothesis that keeping flies away from meat would eliminate maggots
3) conducted experiment with identical meat and jars, covering one and not the other jar with meat inside.
4) recorded the result that when flies kept away from meat, not maggots formed
5) concluded that spontaneous regeneration of maggots does not happen
What are the 6 forms of psychotherapy?
psychodynamic therapy
behaviour therapy
cognitive therapy
systems therapy
support therapy
body oriented therapy
Describe briefly how psychodynamic therapy works
used to understand and resolve emotional conflicts that happen in childhood and continue to adulthood.
patient needs to make fundamental changes to their personality
Describe briefly how behaviour therapy works
Works on more focused problems such as phobias to change a behaviour that reinforces the phobia by replacing it with an action that creates a more desirable response.
Describe how cognitive therapy works
Makes a change to habitual thoughts that underlie the behaviour. Used in conjunction with behaviour therapy.
Effective for depression and low self esteem
Describe how systems therapy works
focuses on relationship problems such as between parents and children, siblings, or whole family. Requires everyone involved to be present for therapy
Works well for marriage issues or parent child conflicts
Describe how supportive therapy works
focuses on intense emotional disturbances such as deep depression. May be combined with pharmacological treatment.
Describe how body oriented therapy works
Uses the theory that emotions are entrenched in the body and manifest as tensions. Uses breath work and manual pressure to release emotions
What are the three components to hypnosis?
adsorption
dissociation from cognitive faculties
responsiveness
What are the five forms of biofeedback?
electromyographic biofeedback
thermal biofeedback
electrodermal activity
finger pulse therapy
breathing biofeedback
What populations can expressive arts be most beneficial in?
paediatric
geriatric
AIDS
Health professionals
Chronic disease sufferers
Palliative patients
What are the 5 massage techniques?
Effleurage
Petrissage
Friction
tapotement
vibration
Describe effleurage massage technique
most frequently used and is a gliding stroke with light pressure. Can be used as a diagnostic aid
Describe petrissage massage technique
more aggressive than effleurage, using thumb and finger to milk the skin. Increases venous and lymphatic drainage
Describe friction massage technique
The most deeply applied technique using the tips of fingers and thumbs. Also used when heat generation is desirable
Describe tapotement massage technique
uses rapid repeated blows with the flat palm or side of hand. Occasionally has rapid pinching. Used to stimulate arterial flow and not used over kidneys or chest
Describe vibration technique
uses a mechanical vibrator or can be applied by the hands. The dos difficult technique to master
What are the three types of ayurveda massage touch?
Tamasic
Rayasic
Satvic
Describe Tamasic massage technique?
strong and solid. The application is fast
Corresponds to tapotement
Describe rajasic massage technique
slower and used to explore. corresponds to effleurage
describe satvic massage technique
very slow and gentle. Corresponds to healing touch
What are the two categories of massage techniques
Those that work through direct physical action such as sweetish or lymph drainage
Those that work on meridians and energy such as shiatsu and acupressure
What is an important diagnostic aid in TCM?
Taking the pulse as it allows the practitioner to detect the health of the patients QI or life force
What are the three premises naturopathic cures focus on?
1) elimination of evil habits
2) application of corrective habits
3) new principles of living
What are four reasons herbs have the same name but have different chemical compositions?
1) 2 or more species of plants with the same name
2) different parts of the plant used in the preparation
3) different processing methods
4) substitution of costly products for cheaper ones
Briefly describe aloe vera
Comes in gel and juice
Gel used in burns and skin infections. Juice used as a laxative but can cause numerous side effects
Briefly describe black cohosh
used to treat menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness
Mild side effects such as stomach upsets and headaches
Briefly describe chamomile
used for sleep, anxiety and GI upset
little supporting evidence for its use and can cause allergic reactions
Briefly describe cranberry juice
used to prevent UTI. Some evidence to support this but more needed. Thought to prevent the adherence of bacterial to the lining of the urinary tract.
recommended 150-600ml of juice.
Briefly describe echinacea
used to prevent colds, flu’s and other infections
little evidence due to variations in formulations has provided inconsistent results. Not recommended for this.
Can stimulate the immune system non-specifically
Can cause stomach upset and diarrhoea
Briefly describe evening primrose
Used for inflammations such as eczema and arthritis and for women’s health
Studies are small and not well designed
mild side effects
Briefly describe garlic
can reduce high blood pressure, lower cholesterol and slow artherscloresis but is weak.
Little risk but can cause heart burn, bad breath and body odour, upset stomach and allergies. Can also impede clotting
Briefly describe ginger
Used for digestive system, nausea, and colds and flu’s. May safely relieve pregnancy nausea.
Little evidence for it’s effect on arthritis, joint and muscle pain
Can cause gas, heartburn and bloating
Briefly describe ginkgo biloba
claims that it improves memory and prevents alzheimers. Also used for tinnitus, asthma and fatigue
has a mixture of positive and negative results
Side effects include headache, nausea, GI upset and dizziness
Briefly describe ginseng
Known as asian, chinese, korean, american and siberian ginseng. American ginseng is true while siberian is not.
many products made from cheap substitutes and claimed to lower type 2 diabetes blood glucose, and improve immune functions
short term use appears safe but may cause allergic reactions
Briefly describe goldenseal
Used for infections such as colds and respiratory illness
little support for it’s use
Safe for short term but may change the way drugs are metabolized
Briefly describe Kava
used for anxiety, insomnia and menopause. May help with anxiety.
May cause liver damage and interacts with several drugs
Briefly describe milk thistle
Claimed to protect the liver and used to treat liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and gall bladder disorders.
few adverse effects
Briefly describe saw palmetto
used to treat an enlarged prostate.
Earlier, smaller studies positive while later larger studies negative. May provide some benefit
Has good safety
Briefly describe seabuckthorn
source of omega-7 and good for skin
Little information
Briefly describe soy
used for lowering cholesterol and may have beneficial effect. Can also be used for menopause with some degree of success
Briefly describe st john’s wort
used for mental disorders and nerve pain
Can treat mild to moderate depression.
Evidence is mixed and interferes with a variety of drugs
What are seven problems in the canadian diet?
1) low amounts of fruits and vegetables with high refined sugar
2) inadequate in several nutrients
3) women have low intake of calcium
4) low intake of dietary fibres and omega 3
5) low vitamin D due to low milk and fish consumption
6) dietary problems are worse for people in poverty
7) excessive sodium intake
What are the essential substances that can be taken to improve health and are proven? (Hint: has 4)
folic acid: prevents neural tube defects
Vitamin D: low levels correlated to falls in elderly due to less uptake of calcium
Multivitamins: weak evidence everyone consumes one. Since diets are lacking in substantial portion of populations, recommended to consume
Fish oil: omega 3 eps and DHA beneficial for cardiovascular disease and people who consume less are at higher risk
What are the substances with weak to no evidence for their health consumption? (Hint: there are 10)
megadose of vitamins (orthomolecular medicine) antioxidant vitamins vitamins and blood homocysteine probiotics coenzyme Q10 glucosamine and chondroitin cell food exotic fruit juices weight-loss products sexual enhancement products
briefly describe orthomolecular medicine (megadose of vitamins)
Associated with linus pauling and advocates large doses of vitamins. Studies show that they are negative towards large doses.
One example is mega doses of vitamin C can prevent and cure the cold, which is false
Briefly describe antioxidant vitamins
Includes beta-carotene, vitamin E
helps to scavenge free radicals
Found in fruits but this does not carry over to supplements
said to help prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease but is false
briefly describe homocysteine therapy with vitamins
homocysteine in the blood was correlated to cardiovascular disease. Theory is that lowering this lowers disease
uses vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. Is not effective
Briefly describe probiotics
advocates state it helps with improving microflora.
Has been shown to be beneficial for conditions such as IBS, constipation, diarrhoea.
Problem is that studies done in healthy subjects and huge variety of microorganisms
What are two ways to potentate homeopathic treatments?
Tincture preparation: substance dissolved in alcohol and extracted. Known as the mother tincture
Trituration preparation: insoluble substances ground up with milk sugar for three hours. Said to dissolve it one million times.
What are two problems homeopathic treatment must overcome to be accepted?
Using treatments with no active ingredients left
over 2000 homeopathic treatments to be used on an even greater number of diseases. Too varied to study
What are the claims of essential oils in homeopathic therapy (hint: there are 6)
they provide:
analgesic antibacterial antispasmodic antiviral sedative deoderizing
Briefly describe the macrobiotic diet for cancer therapy
based on the TCM belief of yin and yang
Mainly uses vegetarianism with whole grains
No evidence of value and may be low in several nutrients
Briefly describe gerson therapy
resembles naturopathy as it advocates coffee enemas to remove toxins
Uses low fat diet with fruit and vegetable juices and is combined with numerous vitamins and dietary supplements
Studies are funded by Gerson; no evidence of effectiveness
Briefly describe antineoplastons therapy
uses peptides, simple organics, and amino acids to stimulate the immune system
founded by a polish immigrant
has been derided by the FDA as providing false claims
What are the pharmacological and biological treatments of Cancer? (hint: there are 8)
antineoplastons shark cartilage laetrile di bella multitherapy herbal medicine hoxsey treatment essiac missiletoe extract
What are the diet and nutrition treatments used for cancer therapy? (hint: there are 3)
macrobiotic diet
gerson therapy
megadoses of vitamin C
What are 2 features to claims of cancer cures?
based on an unproven theory regarding the cause of cancer
uses low quality methodological studies and observational research to make it’s claim
Discuss the problem of selecting the most appropriate treatment for the control group when designing a randomized controlled trial for acupuncture
There are three main types of control groups. Each has advantages and disadvantages.
(i) Sham acupuncture is one possible control group. However, if acupuncture is of benefit but acts independently of where needles are inserted, the same improvement will be seen in both groups. This would lead to the false conclusion that acupuncture is of no value.
(ii) Using a placebo is another approach. However, acupuncture may generate some of its benefit by being a particularly effective means to activate the placebo response. This could exaggerate the apparent benefit of acupuncture.
(iii) The control group could receive the conventional treatment. If acupuncture is effective but to a lesser extent than conventional treatment, then the false impression may be created that acupuncture does not work. Ideally, all three types of control group would be used, but that would require a large number of subjects.
Describe the underlying principles of naturopathic medicine
treat the whole person
human body strives toward health
toxins affect the health of an individual
body is its own best healer, naturopathic remedies are not harmful
prevention is the best treatment
Discuss the place of “detoxification” in naturopathy.
naturopathy has been founded on the concept that disease is caused by a buildup of toxins in the body.
They will utilize various treatments to reduce this buildup such as prescribing herbal treatments, or using fasting to eliminate the toxins.
This is founded on false beliefs as no evidence has been suggested this be the case.
describe phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are non-vitamin organic substances found in fruit, vegetables, and other plant foods. They may lower the risk for various diseases.
