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HLST 301 > overview to work on > Flashcards

overview to work on Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how energies and forces could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

a simple and appealing concept in contrast to complex medical science

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2
Q

Describe how self-healing could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

Denotes the ability of one’s mind, body and spirit to combat chronic and acute disease

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3
Q

describe how holistic could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

involves treating the entire body of the patient including mind, body and spirit

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4
Q

Describe how the unifying hypothesis of disease could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

A universal theory of disease. For example, TCM using sing and yang and disease state is when out of balance. Chiropractors use spinal misalignment for all disease

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5
Q

Describe how natural could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

denotes a therapy which is not a processed pharmaceutical and is appealing to patients. Yet natural doesn’t mean safe, such as poison ivy is natural but harmful

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6
Q

Describe how traditional could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

Denotes therapies used for an extended period of time. In contrast to modern medicine which favours scientific rigour. For example, blood letting used in conventional medicine until proven harmful

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7
Q

Describe how exotic could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

exotic is an enthralling experience to the patient, almost like magic is attractive to people. It can provide hope where there is no hope

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8
Q

Describe how individual attention could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

Conventional medicine has a limited amount of attention paid to patients, whereas CAM practitioners give a lot more time to hear their patients needs. This extra time can impart a placebo effect.

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9
Q

Describe how the David and Goliath mentality could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

In CAM, the perceived notion of persecution of CAM therapies can be seen as a badge of honour for these therapies. The patient believes in the therapy because they think that persecution means they are afraid.

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10
Q

Describe how hope and belief in treatment could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

In conventional medicine, doctors have an ethic to warn of the side effects which can be perceived by the patient as a lack in confidence in the treatment. In CAM, this duty could be waived and practitioners are more enthusiastic about their treatment, giving the patent more hope in the therapy.

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11
Q

Describe how control could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

Conventional medicine focuses on paternalism to guide their patients to health. CAM allows the patient more freedom to make choices for themselves, and allows them to be an active participant

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12
Q

Describe how the belief in non-toxic therapies could attract patients to CAM therapies

A

Patients believe therapies are non-toxic and is attractive to them. Using terms like natural and rebalancing are seen by these patients as less toxic to their bodies than terms used in conventional medicine such as pain killers and Chemo.

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13
Q

What 4 questions should be asked when evaluating CAM therapies?

A

Does the therapy have a benefit on an individual disease?

Does the therapy have an advantage over an existing therapy?

Is there mechanism to the therapy?

Is the effect of the therapy a placebo?

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14
Q

What are some of the placebo effects seen in observational research (hint: there are seven)

A

Natural history of disease

Fluctuation of disease

Premature followup

Spontaneous regression

Misinterpretation of information

Wrong information

Simultaneous conventional therapy

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15
Q

Describe how Redi utilized experimental design to disprove the spontaneous regeneration of Maggots theory (hint: 5 steps).

A

1) observed that flies swarm around meat
2) Created the hypothesis that keeping flies away from meat would eliminate maggots
3) conducted experiment with identical meat and jars, covering one and not the other jar with meat inside.
4) recorded the result that when flies kept away from meat, not maggots formed
5) concluded that spontaneous regeneration of maggots does not happen

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16
Q

What are the 6 forms of psychotherapy?

A

psychodynamic therapy

behaviour therapy

cognitive therapy

systems therapy

support therapy

body oriented therapy

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17
Q

Describe briefly how psychodynamic therapy works

A

used to understand and resolve emotional conflicts that happen in childhood and continue to adulthood.

patient needs to make fundamental changes to their personality

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18
Q

Describe briefly how behaviour therapy works

A

Works on more focused problems such as phobias to change a behaviour that reinforces the phobia by replacing it with an action that creates a more desirable response.

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19
Q

Describe how cognitive therapy works

A

Makes a change to habitual thoughts that underlie the behaviour. Used in conjunction with behaviour therapy.

Effective for depression and low self esteem

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20
Q

Describe how systems therapy works

A

focuses on relationship problems such as between parents and children, siblings, or whole family. Requires everyone involved to be present for therapy

Works well for marriage issues or parent child conflicts

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21
Q

Describe how supportive therapy works

A

focuses on intense emotional disturbances such as deep depression. May be combined with pharmacological treatment.

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22
Q

Describe how body oriented therapy works

A

Uses the theory that emotions are entrenched in the body and manifest as tensions. Uses breath work and manual pressure to release emotions

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23
Q

What are the three components to hypnosis?

A

adsorption
dissociation from cognitive faculties
responsiveness

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24
Q

What are the five forms of biofeedback?

A

electromyographic biofeedback

thermal biofeedback

electrodermal activity

finger pulse therapy

breathing biofeedback

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25
Q

What populations can expressive arts be most beneficial in?

A

paediatric

geriatric

AIDS

Health professionals

Chronic disease sufferers

Palliative patients

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26
Q

What are the 5 massage techniques?

A

Effleurage

Petrissage

Friction

tapotement

vibration

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27
Q

Describe effleurage massage technique

A

most frequently used and is a gliding stroke with light pressure. Can be used as a diagnostic aid

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28
Q

Describe petrissage massage technique

A

more aggressive than effleurage, using thumb and finger to milk the skin. Increases venous and lymphatic drainage

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29
Q

Describe friction massage technique

A

The most deeply applied technique using the tips of fingers and thumbs. Also used when heat generation is desirable

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30
Q

Describe tapotement massage technique

A

uses rapid repeated blows with the flat palm or side of hand. Occasionally has rapid pinching. Used to stimulate arterial flow and not used over kidneys or chest

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31
Q

Describe vibration technique

A

uses a mechanical vibrator or can be applied by the hands. The dos difficult technique to master

32
Q

What are the three types of ayurveda massage touch?

A

Tamasic

Rayasic

Satvic

33
Q

Describe Tamasic massage technique?

A

strong and solid. The application is fast

Corresponds to tapotement

34
Q

Describe rajasic massage technique

A

slower and used to explore. corresponds to effleurage

35
Q

describe satvic massage technique

A

very slow and gentle. Corresponds to healing touch

36
Q

What are the two categories of massage techniques

A

Those that work through direct physical action such as sweetish or lymph drainage

Those that work on meridians and energy such as shiatsu and acupressure

37
Q

What is an important diagnostic aid in TCM?

A

Taking the pulse as it allows the practitioner to detect the health of the patients QI or life force

38
Q

What are the three premises naturopathic cures focus on?

A

1) elimination of evil habits
2) application of corrective habits
3) new principles of living

39
Q

What are four reasons herbs have the same name but have different chemical compositions?

A

1) 2 or more species of plants with the same name
2) different parts of the plant used in the preparation
3) different processing methods
4) substitution of costly products for cheaper ones

40
Q

Briefly describe aloe vera

A

Comes in gel and juice

Gel used in burns and skin infections. Juice used as a laxative but can cause numerous side effects

41
Q

Briefly describe black cohosh

A

used to treat menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness

Mild side effects such as stomach upsets and headaches

42
Q

Briefly describe chamomile

A

used for sleep, anxiety and GI upset

little supporting evidence for its use and can cause allergic reactions

43
Q

Briefly describe cranberry juice

A

used to prevent UTI. Some evidence to support this but more needed. Thought to prevent the adherence of bacterial to the lining of the urinary tract.

recommended 150-600ml of juice.

44
Q

Briefly describe echinacea

A

used to prevent colds, flu’s and other infections

little evidence due to variations in formulations has provided inconsistent results. Not recommended for this.

Can stimulate the immune system non-specifically

Can cause stomach upset and diarrhoea

45
Q

Briefly describe evening primrose

A

Used for inflammations such as eczema and arthritis and for women’s health

Studies are small and not well designed

mild side effects

46
Q

Briefly describe garlic

A

can reduce high blood pressure, lower cholesterol and slow artherscloresis but is weak.

Little risk but can cause heart burn, bad breath and body odour, upset stomach and allergies. Can also impede clotting

47
Q

Briefly describe ginger

A

Used for digestive system, nausea, and colds and flu’s. May safely relieve pregnancy nausea.

Little evidence for it’s effect on arthritis, joint and muscle pain

Can cause gas, heartburn and bloating

48
Q

Briefly describe ginkgo biloba

A

claims that it improves memory and prevents alzheimers. Also used for tinnitus, asthma and fatigue

has a mixture of positive and negative results

Side effects include headache, nausea, GI upset and dizziness

49
Q

Briefly describe ginseng

A

Known as asian, chinese, korean, american and siberian ginseng. American ginseng is true while siberian is not.

many products made from cheap substitutes and claimed to lower type 2 diabetes blood glucose, and improve immune functions

short term use appears safe but may cause allergic reactions

50
Q

Briefly describe goldenseal

A

Used for infections such as colds and respiratory illness

little support for it’s use

Safe for short term but may change the way drugs are metabolized

51
Q

Briefly describe Kava

A

used for anxiety, insomnia and menopause. May help with anxiety.

May cause liver damage and interacts with several drugs

52
Q

Briefly describe milk thistle

A

Claimed to protect the liver and used to treat liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and gall bladder disorders.

few adverse effects

53
Q

Briefly describe saw palmetto

A

used to treat an enlarged prostate.

Earlier, smaller studies positive while later larger studies negative. May provide some benefit

Has good safety

54
Q

Briefly describe seabuckthorn

A

source of omega-7 and good for skin

Little information

55
Q

Briefly describe soy

A

used for lowering cholesterol and may have beneficial effect. Can also be used for menopause with some degree of success

56
Q

Briefly describe st john’s wort

A

used for mental disorders and nerve pain

Can treat mild to moderate depression.

Evidence is mixed and interferes with a variety of drugs

57
Q

What are seven problems in the canadian diet?

A

1) low amounts of fruits and vegetables with high refined sugar
2) inadequate in several nutrients
3) women have low intake of calcium
4) low intake of dietary fibres and omega 3
5) low vitamin D due to low milk and fish consumption
6) dietary problems are worse for people in poverty
7) excessive sodium intake

58
Q

What are the essential substances that can be taken to improve health and are proven? (Hint: has 4)

A

folic acid: prevents neural tube defects

Vitamin D: low levels correlated to falls in elderly due to less uptake of calcium

Multivitamins: weak evidence everyone consumes one. Since diets are lacking in substantial portion of populations, recommended to consume

Fish oil: omega 3 eps and DHA beneficial for cardiovascular disease and people who consume less are at higher risk

59
Q

What are the substances with weak to no evidence for their health consumption? (Hint: there are 10)

A 
megadose of vitamins (orthomolecular medicine)
antioxidant vitamins
vitamins and blood homocysteine
probiotics
coenzyme Q10
glucosamine and chondroitin 
cell food
exotic fruit juices
weight-loss products
sexual enhancement products
60
Q

briefly describe orthomolecular medicine (megadose of vitamins)

A

Associated with linus pauling and advocates large doses of vitamins. Studies show that they are negative towards large doses.

One example is mega doses of vitamin C can prevent and cure the cold, which is false

61
Q

Briefly describe antioxidant vitamins

A

Includes beta-carotene, vitamin E

helps to scavenge free radicals

Found in fruits but this does not carry over to supplements

said to help prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease but is false

62
Q

briefly describe homocysteine therapy with vitamins

A

homocysteine in the blood was correlated to cardiovascular disease. Theory is that lowering this lowers disease

uses vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid. Is not effective

63
Q

Briefly describe probiotics

A

advocates state it helps with improving microflora.

Has been shown to be beneficial for conditions such as IBS, constipation, diarrhoea.

Problem is that studies done in healthy subjects and huge variety of microorganisms

64
Q

What are two ways to potentate homeopathic treatments?

A

Tincture preparation: substance dissolved in alcohol and extracted. Known as the mother tincture

Trituration preparation: insoluble substances ground up with milk sugar for three hours. Said to dissolve it one million times.

65
Q

What are two problems homeopathic treatment must overcome to be accepted?

A

Using treatments with no active ingredients left

over 2000 homeopathic treatments to be used on an even greater number of diseases. Too varied to study

66
Q

What are the claims of essential oils in homeopathic therapy (hint: there are 6)

A

they provide:

analgesic
antibacterial
antispasmodic
antiviral
sedative
deoderizing
67
Q

Briefly describe the macrobiotic diet for cancer therapy

A

based on the TCM belief of yin and yang

Mainly uses vegetarianism with whole grains

No evidence of value and may be low in several nutrients

68
Q

Briefly describe gerson therapy

A

resembles naturopathy as it advocates coffee enemas to remove toxins

Uses low fat diet with fruit and vegetable juices and is combined with numerous vitamins and dietary supplements

Studies are funded by Gerson; no evidence of effectiveness

69
Q

Briefly describe antineoplastons therapy

A

uses peptides, simple organics, and amino acids to stimulate the immune system

founded by a polish immigrant

has been derided by the FDA as providing false claims

70
Q

What are the pharmacological and biological treatments of Cancer? (hint: there are 8)

A 
antineoplastons
shark cartilage
laetrile
di bella multitherapy
herbal medicine
hoxsey treatment
essiac
missiletoe extract
71
Q

What are the diet and nutrition treatments used for cancer therapy? (hint: there are 3)

A

macrobiotic diet
gerson therapy
megadoses of vitamin C

72
Q

What are 2 features to claims of cancer cures?

A

based on an unproven theory regarding the cause of cancer

uses low quality methodological studies and observational research to make it’s claim

73
Q

Discuss the problem of selecting the most appropriate treatment for the control group when designing a randomized controlled trial for acupuncture

A

There are three main types of control groups. Each has advantages and disadvantages.

(i) Sham acupuncture is one possible control group. However, if acupuncture is of benefit but acts independently of where needles are inserted, the same improvement will be seen in both groups. This would lead to the false conclusion that acupuncture is of no value.
(ii) Using a placebo is another approach. However, acupuncture may generate some of its benefit by being a particularly effective means to activate the placebo response. This could exaggerate the apparent benefit of acupuncture.
(iii) The control group could receive the conventional treatment. If acupuncture is effective but to a lesser extent than conventional treatment, then the false impression may be created that acupuncture does not work. Ideally, all three types of control group would be used, but that would require a large number of subjects.

74
Q

Describe the underlying principles of naturopathic medicine

A

treat the whole person
human body strives toward health
toxins affect the health of an individual
body is its own best healer, naturopathic remedies are not harmful
prevention is the best treatment

75
Q

Discuss the place of “detoxification” in naturopathy.

A

naturopathy has been founded on the concept that disease is caused by a buildup of toxins in the body.

They will utilize various treatments to reduce this buildup such as prescribing herbal treatments, or using fasting to eliminate the toxins.

This is founded on false beliefs as no evidence has been suggested this be the case.

76
Q

describe phytochemicals

A

Phytochemicals are non-vitamin organic substances found in fruit, vegetables, and other plant foods. They may lower the risk for various diseases.

HLST 301 (19 decks)

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