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HLST 301 > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reasoning for deeper exploration of mind-body techniques?

A

Rise in chronic illness

increase costs of treating chronic illness

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2
Q

What is the fundamental tenants of mind-body medicine? (hint there is two)

A

Treating the whole person

People can be active participants in their own health

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3
Q

What can mind body therapy be used for?

A

to reduce the severity and frequency of biological symptoms

strengthen the body’s resistance to disease

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4
Q

What can mind body treat?

A

chronic and difficult to treat illnesses such as pain syndromes and hypertension

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5
Q

What does placebo mean in latin?

A

I please

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6
Q

What does psychotherapy mean in greek?

A

healing of the soul

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7
Q

What does psychotherapy aim to treat?

A

emotional and mental health

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8
Q

What does psychotherapy encompass?

A

combining medication with discussion

listening to the patients concerns

using active behavioural and emotional approaches

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9
Q

How many and when do most people in the US experience a major psychological episode? What are the most common episodes experienced?

A

one in five americans every six months

These include depression, anxiety, substance abuse of acute confusion

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10
Q

What increases the rate of psychological episodes in people (IE who are more vulnerable?)

A

people with a chronic illness and the elderly

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11
Q

how often do primary care physicians recognize cases of depression?

How often for other mental illnesses?

A

one fourth to one half in patients who experience depression

less than one fourth for other mental illnesses

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12
Q

What are the six categories of psychotherapy

A

psychodynamic therapy, behavioural therapy, cognitive therapy, systems therapy, supportive therapy and body-oriented therapy

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13
Q

Describe four points of psychodynamic therapy

A

derived from psychoanalysis and seeks to resolve emotional conflicts that originate in childhood and carry to adult hood

Sessions devoted to exploring current emotional reaction to past experiences

works best if patient goal is to make a fundamental change in personality rather than one specific behaviour

Often called interpretative therapy or expressive therapy

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14
Q

Describe behaviour therapy in four points.

A

emphasizes changing specific behaviours such as phobias by stopping what reinforces it

Replaces it with a more desirable response

sessions devoted to analyzing the behaviour and devising ways to change it

more effective with focused problems

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15
Q

Describe cognitive therapy in four points

A

aims to change specific habitual thoughts underlying the habit;

replaces the thought with a more desirable one

sessions devoted to analyzing and devising solutions to change the thoughts

often used with behaviour therapy and works well with depression and self esteem

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16
Q

describe systems therapy in four points

A

focuses on relationships such as couples, parents and children, or whole family

requires everyone to attend therapy sessions

uses experiences to change problem habits

works well for marriages and parent children where the problem is in the relationship between them

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17
Q

describe supportive therapy in three points

A

helps people who are in intense emotional crises such as deep depression

may be used in combination with medication

focuses on building tools to handle overwhelming day to day situations

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18
Q

describe body oriented therapy in two points

A

suggests emotions are encoded in a person and expressed through tension and restrictions in various body parts

uses various methods including breath work, movement and manual pressure to relieve emotion in the tissue

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19
Q

how can psychotherapy help elderly hospital patients with broken hips?

A

help spend an average of 2 days less in hospital

they return fewer times and spend fewer days in rehab

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20
Q

When is psychotherapy benefits for patients in a hospital?

A

right after being admitted

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21
Q

What is the most common psychological problems of patients?

A

reactive anxiety and depression from emotional stress from a recent diagnosis

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22
Q

What types of patients are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease?

A

patients who feel lonely, depressed and isolated than those with adequate social support

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23
Q

How is psychotherapy cost effective

A

significantly increases the speed at which a patient recovers from illness

can reduce costs by 10 to 20% after brief psychotherapy

can reduce the length of stay for cardiac patients on the hospital

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24
Q

What can lower your risk of dying at any age?

A

having many close social relationships

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25
Q

Who benefits from social support?

A 
elderly, 
people with chronic conditions, 
heart disease patients,
isolated people (correlates the same with smoking), 
women with cancer, 
people who feel lonely or depressed
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26
Q

How did Hans Selye define stress? (stress management)

A

The rate of wear and tear on the body

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27
Q

What are three phases of the general adaptation syndrome? (Stress management)

A

an alarm reaction
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion

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28
Q

what does a stress cause, or stressor, activate in the body?(stress management)

A

sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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29
Q

What brings out the fight or flight response (stress management)

A

hormones

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30
Q

What is stress essentially a result of?

A

interactions between a negative environment, unhealthy lifestyles, and self-defeating attitudes

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31
Q

Is there a particular program, vitamin or technique to reduce stress?

A

no

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32
Q

What is stress

A

the unconscious response to a demand placed on an individual

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33
Q

When does stress become a problem?

A

when it reaches excessive levels where the demands exceed our ability to respond or cope effectively

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34
Q

When does stress become distress? What does this lead to?

A

when we are no longer able to cope or adjust, leading to symptoms that create stress induced illnesses

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35
Q

What is stress management?

A

developing the ability to assert control over our behaviours

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36
Q

What is the greatest stressor most people experience?

A

Change

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37
Q

Why are some people able to manage stress better then others? (there are 8)

A 
different upbringings
past understandings
present experiences
attitudes
beliefs
family values
perceptions
coping skills
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38
Q

What are some of the long term effects of stress? (there are 6)

A 
Ulcers
headaches
chronic backaches
high blood pressure
heart disease
cancer
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39
Q

What has stress been linked to? (there are 8)

A 
coronary heart disease
cancer
strokes
lung disease
accidental injuries
cirrhosis
suicide
immune deficiencies
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40
Q

What is the relaxation response

A

a response similar to prayer, meditation and hypnosis and is similar in nature to the fight or flight response

It produces a decrease in:

oxygen consumption
metabolic rate
heart rate
and blood pressure

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41
Q

What changes occur in the relaxation response?

A

It produces a decrease in:

oxygen consumption
metabolic rate
heart rate
blood pressure
blood lactate

Increases alpha brain waves

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42
Q

How can you achieve the relaxation response?

A

take 10 to 20 minutes

sit comfortably

ensure no distractions

time yourself but do not set an alarm

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43
Q

What is Benson’s protocol to elicit the relaxation response?

Hint: it has 8 steps

A

1) pick a focus word or phrase
2) sit in a comfortable position quietly
3) close your eyes
4) relax your muscles
5) breath slowly and naturally
6) assume a positive attitude throughout
7) continue for 10 to 20 minutes
8) practice once or twice a day

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44
Q

What are four common elements to relaxation training such as transcendental meditation, zen, yoga, autogenic training progression relaxation, hypnosis and septic cycles?

A

1) a quiet environment
2) an object to focus the mind
3) a passive attitude
4) comfortable position

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45
Q

How can exercise improve stress reduction?

A

reduces anxiety and depression
improves self image
buffer from stress effects
imparts an ability to withstand stress

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46
Q

What does meditation mean?

A

something to do with healing. Everything has it’s own inward measure

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47
Q

What does the term mind body mean in relation to meditation?

A

an understanding that the mind and body are not separate and have an interactive influence on each other

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48
Q

Where has meditation come from?

A

From asian religious practices such as india, china and japan

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49
Q

What active forms of meditation exists?

A

tai chi, aikido, the walking meditation

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50
Q

What is meditation practiced for?

A

the purpose of self directed relaxing and calming the mind and body.

May include a focus on a single thought or word for a specific time

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51
Q

How is Transcendental meditation performed?

A

a student is given a mantra to repeat silently to prevent distracting thoughts
they assume a comfortable position
the student is to be passive
if thoughts beside the mantra come to mind, they note them and return to the mantra

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52
Q

when is transcendental meditation practiced and for how long?

A

in the morning or evening for 20 minutes

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53
Q

What has transcendental meditation been associated with?

A

reduced health care costs, increased longevity, better quality of life, reduced anxiety, lowered blood pressure, reduced serum cholesterol

54
Q

What does mindfulness meditation do?

A

promotes deep states of relaxation, can directly improve physical symptoms, and help patients lead fuller and more satisfying lives

55
Q

What was mindfulness meditation cultivated for?

A

cultivating greater awareness and wisdom to help people live each moment of their lives more fully

56
Q

What is an integral part of mindfulness meditation?

A

to accept and welcome pain, stress, anger frustration, disappointment and insecurities

57
Q

How is mindfulness performed?

A

patient uses one-pointed attention to cultivate calmness and stability
when thoughts and feelings arise , they do not ignore them but to observe them non-judgementally

58
Q

What does hypnosis mean in greek?

A

sleep

59
Q

What is hypnosis used for?

A

to treat addictions, anxiety, phobias and pain

60
Q

How does hypnosis work?

A

a patient enters a state of attentive and focused concentration and becomes unaware of the immediate surrounding

61
Q

Can people be hypnotized against their will?

A

no

62
Q

What are the three major components of hypnosis?

A

absorption of words from therapist
dissociation from the patients faculties
responsiveness

63
Q

How can hypnosis be performed? (2 ways)

A

led by practitioner or can teach patient to do it themselves

64
Q

What does hypnosis produce physiologically?

A

resembles deep relaxation
decreases sympathetic nervous system activity
decreases oxygen consumption and co2 elimination
lowers blood pressure and heart rate
increase or decrease in certain types of brain waves

65
Q

What are the clinical applications of hypnosis?

A

chronic diseases such as reduction of anxiety and fear
decreased use of analgesics
increased comforts during medical procedures
greater control of autonomic nervous system
enhance sense of control

66
Q

How can biofeedback enhance hypnosis?

A

helps patients see they can control their own bodily functions, giving them confidence

67
Q

What specific conditions has hypnosis been used for?

A

IBS, preoperative therapy, postoperative therapy, pain control, anxiety, allergies and asthma

68
Q

What is biofeedback therapy?

A

uses special instruments to expand the body’s natural internal feedback systems and displays them to patients so they can monitor and control their bodily processes

69
Q

How are biofeedback sessions performed?

A

electrodes are attached to the area being monitored
-registers a tone or pitch when conditions change
A therapist leads patient through training to control the action being monitored

70
Q

what is the aim of biofeedback training?

A

to teach patients to regulate their own inner mental and bodily processes without the machine

71
Q

What are the five common forms of biofeedback training?

A 
Electromyographic biofeedback
thermal biofeedback therapy
electrodermal activity therapy
finger pulse therapy
breathing biofeedback therapy
72
Q

Describe electromyographic feedback in three sentences

A

measures muscular tension

sensors attached to skin to detect muscle tension activity

biofeedback instrument amplifies this activity into useful information

73
Q

What is electromyographic feedback used for most often?

A

most often used for reduction of tension headaches, physical rehabilitation, chronic muscle pain, incontinence and general relaxation

74
Q

What is thermal biofeedback therapy?

A

skin temperature is used to measure changes of blood flow from constriction to dilation

low skin temperature means decreased blood flow

temperature probe taped to skin

used to increase or decrease blood flow to the hands or feet

75
Q

When is thermal biofeedback often used?

A 
for treating raynaud disease
migraine headaches
hypertension
anxiety disorders
general relaxation
76
Q

What is electrodermal activity therapy? (4)

A

changes in sweat activity are measured

two sensors attached to palm side of hand to measure skin conductance

increased sweat can mean arousal of part of the autonomic nervous system

can be used to measure sweat output from stressful thoughts or rapid deep breathing

77
Q

What is electrodermal feedback often used for treating?

A

anxiety

hyperhidrosis

78
Q

What is Finger pulse therapy?

A

pulse rate and force are measured

sensor attached to finger to measure heart activity as a sign of arousal of part of the autonomic nervous system

79
Q

What is finger pulse therapy often used for treating?

A

hypertension
anxiety
cardiac arrhythmias

80
Q

What is breathing biofeedback therapy?

A

measures the rate, volume, rhythm and location of breathing

sensors placed around the chest and abdomen to measure airflow

feedback is visual

patients learn to take deeper, slower, lower and more regular breaths

81
Q

What is breathing biofeedback therapy often used to treat?

A

management of asthma
respiratory conditions
hyperventilation
anxiety

82
Q

What is the goal of biofeedback therapy?

A

to lower body tension and change faulty biological patterns to reduce symptoms

83
Q

Why do patients find biofeedback therapy training useful?

A

it puts the patient in charge giving them a sense of self mastery and self reliance

84
Q

What are the benefits of biofeedback training for the health care system?

A

reduces medical care costs, decreases number of claims, and reduces medication and physician use, reduces hospital stays, reduction of mortality, and enhances quality of life

85
Q

What is guided imagery defined as?

A

a mental process where any thought represents a sensory quality

86
Q

What senses does guided imagery include?

A

visual, aural, tactile, olfactory, proprioceptive and kinesthetic

87
Q

What is the difference between imagery and visualization?

A

visualization refers to seeing something in the minds eye

imagery is a combination of senses to produce an image

88
Q

How can guided imagery be taught and what is it used for?

A

individually or in groups

to achieve a particular result such as cessation of an addiction or bolstering of the immune system

89
Q

What can guided imagery affect in the body?

A 
oxygen supply to tissues
cardiovascular parameters
vascular or thermal parameters
pupil and cochlear reflexes
heart rate
galvanic skin response
salivation
90
Q

Describe self-directed imagery

A

through deep relaxation, individuals can access deeper states of the mind

can be used to contribute to healing of physical problems by imagining the problem as a visual

Once images are formed, the individual uses relaxation or meditation to access their own self healing powers

91
Q

How can self directed imagery be used for personal growth?

A

by repeatedly entering a relaxed or meditative state and strongly imagining new behaviours

92
Q

What are three aspects of a powerful healing image?

A

the image is created by the healee themselves

it involves as many senses of modalities as possible

it has as much energy behind it as possible

93
Q

What is mental healing?

A

the idea that the consciousness can affect the physical body and affect healing of the body

94
Q

What is nonlocality?

A

The mind is not confined to one body but can extend beyond the body

95
Q

What physics theorem defined non locality?

A

bells theorem which shows that if distant objects are brought together and in contact and then separated, a change occurs which persists in both he objects no matter how far they are seperated

96
Q

What are the implications of non locality on western medicine?

A

nonlocal models of the mind can be helpful in understanding the healing process

they may complicate traditional experimental protocols due to influence from the healer

97
Q

What are the two categories of mental-spiritual healing methods?

A

type I nonlocal: healer enters a prayerful state with no physical contact to emphasize empathy, love an caring. Considered a natural process

Type II: local: healer touches the patient and imagines a flow of energy. Feelings of heat are common in both. Healer holds the intention of healing

98
Q

what is meditation comparable to?

A

to exercise or healthy eating

99
Q

Who practices meditation and why?

A

healthy people; to improve mental and physical functioning

100
Q

Is transcendental meditation CAM or conventional?

What about mindfulness?

A

Transcendental is CAM

Mindfulness is conventional

101
Q

What can hypnosis, biofeedback and guided imagery be classified as?

A

conventional medicine

102
Q

Describe how research using TM can lower the health care costs is flawed and showcases the limits of observational research.

A

Flawed because does not take into account that people can freely choose to practice or not practice TM

possible that people who practice TM live a generally healthier lifestyle than others and may be the reason why they do not get sick as often

103
Q

What are the limitations of a randomized study on guided imagery?

A

small study
lack of blinding (they knew which group they were in)
if study was unbiased then it would introduce bias
if patients knew which group then need to ask if results was due to guided imagery or placebo

104
Q

People be hypnotized against their will (t or f)

A

False

105
Q

Mindfulness is form of

A

meditation

106
Q

Which type of mind–body intervention requires that the subject is connected to a monitoring device?

A

Biofeedback

107
Q

ou plan to carry out a research study on guided imagery. Which type of study is more appropriate: a randomized, single-blind study or a randomized, double-blind study?

A

As subjects who are carrying out guided imagery are aware of this, it is impossible to conduct a double-blind study. It is therefore more appropriate to carry out a randomized, single-blind study.

108
Q

What is energy defined as and what are the two forms?

A

The ability to do work and has two forms, potential and kinetic

109
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy and has the ability to do work

110
Q

What is kinetic energy defined as

A

the movement of things

111
Q

Why si the conventional definition of energy not useful in describing energy medicine?

A

energy medicine uses energy not directly measurable

it does not appear to fall off in power with distance

it is not blocked by barriers that block conventional energy

112
Q

What are three forms of energy medicine

A

qigong, reiki and therapeutic touch

113
Q

How are energy medicine modalities thought to occur?

A

thought to involve the interactions between the energy field of the patient and the energy field of the healer

The form of energy in energy medicine has not been determined

114
Q

What are bioenergy systems thought to comprise of to elicit healing?

A

A source that generates energy is a way to communicate information

a coupling mechanism connecting bioenergy to transfer medium

a transfer medium that bioenergy flows

a coupling mechanism connecting transfer medium to bioenergy sink

a terminal sink for perception of information

115
Q

List, in order of least to best, trials for describing clinical trials

A

case studies, non randomized trials and observational studies, RCT and meta analysis

116
Q

What is magnetic therapy

A

reportedly a safe and noninvasive method of applying magnetic fields to the body for therapeutic purposes

117
Q

What is magnetic therapy used for?

A

pain relief

118
Q

How do reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong work?

A

all energy therapies that use gentle hand techniques to repattern the patients energy field

119
Q

What are reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong used to heal?

A

used to accelerate healing of the body, mind and spirit

120
Q

What are reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong beliefs based on?

A

based on the belief that humans are fields of energy that are in constant interaction with other fields of energy from others and the environment

121
Q

What is the goal of energy therapies?

A

to purposefully use the energetic interaction between the practitioner and the patient to restore harmony to the patients energy system

122
Q

What are the most common touch therapies used in nursing?

A

healing touch, therapeutic touch and reiki

123
Q

what is therapeutic touch designed to treat

A

not designed to treat specific diseases but to balance the energy field of the patient or improve the patients energy

124
Q

How does a therapeutic touch session occur?

A

begins with a entering process to calm the mind, access a sense of compassion, and become present with the patient

practitioner then places their hands on the patients body or slightly away from it

makes sweeping hand motions above the body

125
Q

Does therapeutic touch work for wound healing?

A

no

126
Q

Why is reiki performed?

A

performed by practitioners to help clients strengthen their wellness, assist with coping with symptoms of pain and fatigue, or support their medical care.

127
Q

How is reiki performed?

A

Hands are placed on or just slightly above the patient and held there without moving their hands

no assessment of the patients energy field or to reorganize or adjust the patients energy

128
Q

What is light healing?

A

uses light such as near infrared to significantly improve wound healing and promote neural regeneration

129
Q

What wavelength of light is used in light therapy

A

670 and 810 nm

130
Q

What are the mechanisms for light therapy

A

not understood but physiological effects believed to be increased tissue regeneration, reduction in inflammation, reduction of pain and reduction of ROS

131
Q

What is believed to be accomplished by measuring human photon emissions?

A

assessing oxidative state
general health
chronic disease
healing

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