unit 3 Flashcards
What is the reasoning for deeper exploration of mind-body techniques?
Rise in chronic illness
increase costs of treating chronic illness
What is the fundamental tenants of mind-body medicine? (hint there is two)
Treating the whole person
People can be active participants in their own health
What can mind body therapy be used for?
to reduce the severity and frequency of biological symptoms
strengthen the body’s resistance to disease
What can mind body treat?
chronic and difficult to treat illnesses such as pain syndromes and hypertension
What does placebo mean in latin?
I please
What does psychotherapy mean in greek?
healing of the soul
What does psychotherapy aim to treat?
emotional and mental health
What does psychotherapy encompass?
combining medication with discussion
listening to the patients concerns
using active behavioural and emotional approaches
How many and when do most people in the US experience a major psychological episode? What are the most common episodes experienced?
one in five americans every six months
These include depression, anxiety, substance abuse of acute confusion
What increases the rate of psychological episodes in people (IE who are more vulnerable?)
people with a chronic illness and the elderly
how often do primary care physicians recognize cases of depression?
How often for other mental illnesses?
one fourth to one half in patients who experience depression
less than one fourth for other mental illnesses
What are the six categories of psychotherapy
psychodynamic therapy, behavioural therapy, cognitive therapy, systems therapy, supportive therapy and body-oriented therapy
Describe four points of psychodynamic therapy
derived from psychoanalysis and seeks to resolve emotional conflicts that originate in childhood and carry to adult hood
Sessions devoted to exploring current emotional reaction to past experiences
works best if patient goal is to make a fundamental change in personality rather than one specific behaviour
Often called interpretative therapy or expressive therapy
Describe behaviour therapy in four points.
emphasizes changing specific behaviours such as phobias by stopping what reinforces it
Replaces it with a more desirable response
sessions devoted to analyzing the behaviour and devising ways to change it
more effective with focused problems
Describe cognitive therapy in four points
aims to change specific habitual thoughts underlying the habit;
replaces the thought with a more desirable one
sessions devoted to analyzing and devising solutions to change the thoughts
often used with behaviour therapy and works well with depression and self esteem
describe systems therapy in four points
focuses on relationships such as couples, parents and children, or whole family
requires everyone to attend therapy sessions
uses experiences to change problem habits
works well for marriages and parent children where the problem is in the relationship between them
describe supportive therapy in three points
helps people who are in intense emotional crises such as deep depression
may be used in combination with medication
focuses on building tools to handle overwhelming day to day situations
describe body oriented therapy in two points
suggests emotions are encoded in a person and expressed through tension and restrictions in various body parts
uses various methods including breath work, movement and manual pressure to relieve emotion in the tissue
how can psychotherapy help elderly hospital patients with broken hips?
help spend an average of 2 days less in hospital
they return fewer times and spend fewer days in rehab
When is psychotherapy benefits for patients in a hospital?
right after being admitted
What is the most common psychological problems of patients?
reactive anxiety and depression from emotional stress from a recent diagnosis
What types of patients are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease?
patients who feel lonely, depressed and isolated than those with adequate social support
How is psychotherapy cost effective
significantly increases the speed at which a patient recovers from illness
can reduce costs by 10 to 20% after brief psychotherapy
can reduce the length of stay for cardiac patients on the hospital
What can lower your risk of dying at any age?
having many close social relationships
Who benefits from social support?
elderly, people with chronic conditions, heart disease patients, isolated people (correlates the same with smoking), women with cancer, people who feel lonely or depressed
How did Hans Selye define stress? (stress management)
The rate of wear and tear on the body
What are three phases of the general adaptation syndrome? (Stress management)
an alarm reaction
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion
what does a stress cause, or stressor, activate in the body?(stress management)
sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
What brings out the fight or flight response (stress management)
hormones
What is stress essentially a result of?
interactions between a negative environment, unhealthy lifestyles, and self-defeating attitudes
Is there a particular program, vitamin or technique to reduce stress?
no
What is stress
the unconscious response to a demand placed on an individual
When does stress become a problem?
when it reaches excessive levels where the demands exceed our ability to respond or cope effectively
When does stress become distress? What does this lead to?
when we are no longer able to cope or adjust, leading to symptoms that create stress induced illnesses
What is stress management?
developing the ability to assert control over our behaviours
What is the greatest stressor most people experience?
Change
Why are some people able to manage stress better then others? (there are 8)
different upbringings past understandings present experiences attitudes beliefs family values perceptions coping skills
What are some of the long term effects of stress? (there are 6)
Ulcers headaches chronic backaches high blood pressure heart disease cancer
What has stress been linked to? (there are 8)
coronary heart disease cancer strokes lung disease accidental injuries cirrhosis suicide immune deficiencies
What is the relaxation response
a response similar to prayer, meditation and hypnosis and is similar in nature to the fight or flight response
It produces a decrease in:
oxygen consumption
metabolic rate
heart rate
and blood pressure
What changes occur in the relaxation response?
It produces a decrease in:
oxygen consumption metabolic rate heart rate blood pressure blood lactate
Increases alpha brain waves
How can you achieve the relaxation response?
take 10 to 20 minutes
sit comfortably
ensure no distractions
time yourself but do not set an alarm
What is Benson’s protocol to elicit the relaxation response?
Hint: it has 8 steps
1) pick a focus word or phrase
2) sit in a comfortable position quietly
3) close your eyes
4) relax your muscles
5) breath slowly and naturally
6) assume a positive attitude throughout
7) continue for 10 to 20 minutes
8) practice once or twice a day
What are four common elements to relaxation training such as transcendental meditation, zen, yoga, autogenic training progression relaxation, hypnosis and septic cycles?
1) a quiet environment
2) an object to focus the mind
3) a passive attitude
4) comfortable position
How can exercise improve stress reduction?
reduces anxiety and depression
improves self image
buffer from stress effects
imparts an ability to withstand stress
What does meditation mean?
something to do with healing. Everything has it’s own inward measure
What does the term mind body mean in relation to meditation?
an understanding that the mind and body are not separate and have an interactive influence on each other
Where has meditation come from?
From asian religious practices such as india, china and japan
What active forms of meditation exists?
tai chi, aikido, the walking meditation
What is meditation practiced for?
the purpose of self directed relaxing and calming the mind and body.
May include a focus on a single thought or word for a specific time
How is Transcendental meditation performed?
a student is given a mantra to repeat silently to prevent distracting thoughts
they assume a comfortable position
the student is to be passive
if thoughts beside the mantra come to mind, they note them and return to the mantra
when is transcendental meditation practiced and for how long?
in the morning or evening for 20 minutes
What has transcendental meditation been associated with?
reduced health care costs, increased longevity, better quality of life, reduced anxiety, lowered blood pressure, reduced serum cholesterol
What does mindfulness meditation do?
promotes deep states of relaxation, can directly improve physical symptoms, and help patients lead fuller and more satisfying lives
What was mindfulness meditation cultivated for?
cultivating greater awareness and wisdom to help people live each moment of their lives more fully
What is an integral part of mindfulness meditation?
to accept and welcome pain, stress, anger frustration, disappointment and insecurities
How is mindfulness performed?
patient uses one-pointed attention to cultivate calmness and stability
when thoughts and feelings arise , they do not ignore them but to observe them non-judgementally
What does hypnosis mean in greek?
sleep
What is hypnosis used for?
to treat addictions, anxiety, phobias and pain
How does hypnosis work?
a patient enters a state of attentive and focused concentration and becomes unaware of the immediate surrounding
Can people be hypnotized against their will?
no
What are the three major components of hypnosis?
absorption of words from therapist
dissociation from the patients faculties
responsiveness
How can hypnosis be performed? (2 ways)
led by practitioner or can teach patient to do it themselves
What does hypnosis produce physiologically?
resembles deep relaxation
decreases sympathetic nervous system activity
decreases oxygen consumption and co2 elimination
lowers blood pressure and heart rate
increase or decrease in certain types of brain waves
What are the clinical applications of hypnosis?
chronic diseases such as reduction of anxiety and fear
decreased use of analgesics
increased comforts during medical procedures
greater control of autonomic nervous system
enhance sense of control
How can biofeedback enhance hypnosis?
helps patients see they can control their own bodily functions, giving them confidence
What specific conditions has hypnosis been used for?
IBS, preoperative therapy, postoperative therapy, pain control, anxiety, allergies and asthma
What is biofeedback therapy?
uses special instruments to expand the body’s natural internal feedback systems and displays them to patients so they can monitor and control their bodily processes
How are biofeedback sessions performed?
electrodes are attached to the area being monitored
-registers a tone or pitch when conditions change
A therapist leads patient through training to control the action being monitored
what is the aim of biofeedback training?
to teach patients to regulate their own inner mental and bodily processes without the machine
What are the five common forms of biofeedback training?
Electromyographic biofeedback thermal biofeedback therapy electrodermal activity therapy finger pulse therapy breathing biofeedback therapy
Describe electromyographic feedback in three sentences
measures muscular tension
sensors attached to skin to detect muscle tension activity
biofeedback instrument amplifies this activity into useful information
What is electromyographic feedback used for most often?
most often used for reduction of tension headaches, physical rehabilitation, chronic muscle pain, incontinence and general relaxation
What is thermal biofeedback therapy?
skin temperature is used to measure changes of blood flow from constriction to dilation
low skin temperature means decreased blood flow
temperature probe taped to skin
used to increase or decrease blood flow to the hands or feet
When is thermal biofeedback often used?
for treating raynaud disease migraine headaches hypertension anxiety disorders general relaxation
What is electrodermal activity therapy? (4)
changes in sweat activity are measured
two sensors attached to palm side of hand to measure skin conductance
increased sweat can mean arousal of part of the autonomic nervous system
can be used to measure sweat output from stressful thoughts or rapid deep breathing
What is electrodermal feedback often used for treating?
anxiety
hyperhidrosis
What is Finger pulse therapy?
pulse rate and force are measured
sensor attached to finger to measure heart activity as a sign of arousal of part of the autonomic nervous system
What is finger pulse therapy often used for treating?
hypertension
anxiety
cardiac arrhythmias
What is breathing biofeedback therapy?
measures the rate, volume, rhythm and location of breathing
sensors placed around the chest and abdomen to measure airflow
feedback is visual
patients learn to take deeper, slower, lower and more regular breaths
What is breathing biofeedback therapy often used to treat?
management of asthma
respiratory conditions
hyperventilation
anxiety
What is the goal of biofeedback therapy?
to lower body tension and change faulty biological patterns to reduce symptoms
Why do patients find biofeedback therapy training useful?
it puts the patient in charge giving them a sense of self mastery and self reliance
What are the benefits of biofeedback training for the health care system?
reduces medical care costs, decreases number of claims, and reduces medication and physician use, reduces hospital stays, reduction of mortality, and enhances quality of life
What is guided imagery defined as?
a mental process where any thought represents a sensory quality
What senses does guided imagery include?
visual, aural, tactile, olfactory, proprioceptive and kinesthetic
What is the difference between imagery and visualization?
visualization refers to seeing something in the minds eye
imagery is a combination of senses to produce an image
How can guided imagery be taught and what is it used for?
individually or in groups
to achieve a particular result such as cessation of an addiction or bolstering of the immune system
What can guided imagery affect in the body?
oxygen supply to tissues cardiovascular parameters vascular or thermal parameters pupil and cochlear reflexes heart rate galvanic skin response salivation
Describe self-directed imagery
through deep relaxation, individuals can access deeper states of the mind
can be used to contribute to healing of physical problems by imagining the problem as a visual
Once images are formed, the individual uses relaxation or meditation to access their own self healing powers
How can self directed imagery be used for personal growth?
by repeatedly entering a relaxed or meditative state and strongly imagining new behaviours
What are three aspects of a powerful healing image?
the image is created by the healee themselves
it involves as many senses of modalities as possible
it has as much energy behind it as possible
What is mental healing?
the idea that the consciousness can affect the physical body and affect healing of the body
What is nonlocality?
The mind is not confined to one body but can extend beyond the body
What physics theorem defined non locality?
bells theorem which shows that if distant objects are brought together and in contact and then separated, a change occurs which persists in both he objects no matter how far they are seperated
What are the implications of non locality on western medicine?
nonlocal models of the mind can be helpful in understanding the healing process
they may complicate traditional experimental protocols due to influence from the healer
What are the two categories of mental-spiritual healing methods?
type I nonlocal: healer enters a prayerful state with no physical contact to emphasize empathy, love an caring. Considered a natural process
Type II: local: healer touches the patient and imagines a flow of energy. Feelings of heat are common in both. Healer holds the intention of healing
what is meditation comparable to?
to exercise or healthy eating
Who practices meditation and why?
healthy people; to improve mental and physical functioning
Is transcendental meditation CAM or conventional?
What about mindfulness?
Transcendental is CAM
Mindfulness is conventional
What can hypnosis, biofeedback and guided imagery be classified as?
conventional medicine
Describe how research using TM can lower the health care costs is flawed and showcases the limits of observational research.
Flawed because does not take into account that people can freely choose to practice or not practice TM
possible that people who practice TM live a generally healthier lifestyle than others and may be the reason why they do not get sick as often
What are the limitations of a randomized study on guided imagery?
small study
lack of blinding (they knew which group they were in)
if study was unbiased then it would introduce bias
if patients knew which group then need to ask if results was due to guided imagery or placebo
People be hypnotized against their will (t or f)
False
Mindfulness is form of
meditation
Which type of mind–body intervention requires that the subject is connected to a monitoring device?
Biofeedback
ou plan to carry out a research study on guided imagery. Which type of study is more appropriate: a randomized, single-blind study or a randomized, double-blind study?
As subjects who are carrying out guided imagery are aware of this, it is impossible to conduct a double-blind study. It is therefore more appropriate to carry out a randomized, single-blind study.
What is energy defined as and what are the two forms?
The ability to do work and has two forms, potential and kinetic
What is potential energy?
stored energy and has the ability to do work
What is kinetic energy defined as
the movement of things
Why si the conventional definition of energy not useful in describing energy medicine?
energy medicine uses energy not directly measurable
it does not appear to fall off in power with distance
it is not blocked by barriers that block conventional energy
What are three forms of energy medicine
qigong, reiki and therapeutic touch
How are energy medicine modalities thought to occur?
thought to involve the interactions between the energy field of the patient and the energy field of the healer
The form of energy in energy medicine has not been determined
What are bioenergy systems thought to comprise of to elicit healing?
A source that generates energy is a way to communicate information
a coupling mechanism connecting bioenergy to transfer medium
a transfer medium that bioenergy flows
a coupling mechanism connecting transfer medium to bioenergy sink
a terminal sink for perception of information
List, in order of least to best, trials for describing clinical trials
case studies, non randomized trials and observational studies, RCT and meta analysis
What is magnetic therapy
reportedly a safe and noninvasive method of applying magnetic fields to the body for therapeutic purposes
What is magnetic therapy used for?
pain relief
How do reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong work?
all energy therapies that use gentle hand techniques to repattern the patients energy field
What are reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong used to heal?
used to accelerate healing of the body, mind and spirit
What are reiki, healing touch, therapeutic touch and qigong beliefs based on?
based on the belief that humans are fields of energy that are in constant interaction with other fields of energy from others and the environment
What is the goal of energy therapies?
to purposefully use the energetic interaction between the practitioner and the patient to restore harmony to the patients energy system
What are the most common touch therapies used in nursing?
healing touch, therapeutic touch and reiki
what is therapeutic touch designed to treat
not designed to treat specific diseases but to balance the energy field of the patient or improve the patients energy
How does a therapeutic touch session occur?
begins with a entering process to calm the mind, access a sense of compassion, and become present with the patient
practitioner then places their hands on the patients body or slightly away from it
makes sweeping hand motions above the body
Does therapeutic touch work for wound healing?
no
Why is reiki performed?
performed by practitioners to help clients strengthen their wellness, assist with coping with symptoms of pain and fatigue, or support their medical care.
How is reiki performed?
Hands are placed on or just slightly above the patient and held there without moving their hands
no assessment of the patients energy field or to reorganize or adjust the patients energy
What is light healing?
uses light such as near infrared to significantly improve wound healing and promote neural regeneration
What wavelength of light is used in light therapy
670 and 810 nm
What are the mechanisms for light therapy
not understood but physiological effects believed to be increased tissue regeneration, reduction in inflammation, reduction of pain and reduction of ROS
What is believed to be accomplished by measuring human photon emissions?
assessing oxidative state
general health
chronic disease
healing
