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CNS > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The average length of the spinal cord is?

A

16-18 inches

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2
Q

The maximum diameter of the cord is?

A

about 1.3cm at the cervical enlargement

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3
Q

At what cord level is the cervical enlaregment the biggest?

A

at C5-C6

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4
Q

Approximately what does the spinal cord weigh?

A

27-35 grams

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5
Q

What is the superior boundary of spinal cord?

A

the foramen magnum; or superior most ventral rootlet of C1 spinal nerve

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6
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the spinal cord?

A

The disc between L1-L2; or conus medullaris

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7
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs exist in the PNS?

A

31

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8
Q

Dorsal roots contain what type of fibers?

A

sensory or afferent

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9
Q

Ventral roots contain what type of fibers?

A

motor or efferent fibers

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10
Q

How are cervical nerves named?

A

the nerve is named for the vertebrae below

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11
Q

Give an example of a cervical nerve naming

A

C4 nerve exits between C3 and C4 vertebrae

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12
Q

How are thoracic nerves named?

A

the nerve is named for the vertebrae above

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13
Q

Give an example of a thoracic nerve naming

A

T1 nerve exits between T1 and T2 vertebrae

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14
Q

How are lumbar nerves named?

A

the nerve is named for the vertebrae above

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15
Q

Give an example of a lumbar nerve naming

A

L1 nerve exits between L1 and L2 vertebrae

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16
Q

Where do sacral nerves S1-S4 exit?

A

through dorsal and ventral sacral foramina

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17
Q

Where does sacral nerve S5 exit?

A

through the sacral hiatus

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18
Q

What other nerve exits through the sacral hiatus besides S5?

A

coccygeal nerve 1

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19
Q

At what point of development is the spinal cord and vertebral column the same length?

A

the first three months

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20
Q

At birth what level is the Co1 nerve at?

A

L1-L3

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21
Q

In adulthood what level is the Co1 nerve found?

A

about L1-L2

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22
Q

At what cord level injury is considered quadriplegic ?

A

C8 and above

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23
Q

At what cord level injury is considered paraplegic?

A

T1 and below

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24
Q

At what area are cord and vertebral level the same?

A

in the cervical area

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25
Q

As the cord descends, past the cervical area, what happens to the cord levels and vertebral levels?

A

they progressively become separated, and roots travel inferiorly to exit

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26
Q

At what level does a burst fracture typically happen?

A

T6

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27
Q

What happens to gray matter as you descend the cord?

A

Gray matter % increases

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28
Q

Is funiculi white or gray matter?

A

white matter

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29
Q

Are horns white or gray matter?

A

gray matter

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30
Q

Which part of the horn carries sensory information and has lots of cell bodies?

A

the posterior/dorsal horn

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31
Q

At what levels is the lateral horn present?

A

T1-L2 and S2-S4

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32
Q

What is the significance of the lateral horn?

A

it is filled with preganglionic autonomic cell bodies

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33
Q

What is the significance of the anterior/ventral horn?

A

its the somatic/motor horn that has cell bodies to provide the PNS with skeletal muscle information

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34
Q

Describe what a funiculus is

A

its a longitudinal bundle of white matter fibers

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35
Q

Describe the composition of gray matter

A

Dense concentrations of neuron cell bodies with thick dendritic mats which supports glial cells and has dense capillary beds

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36
Q

What parts of the white matter in the cord are myelinated?

A

only long processes

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37
Q

Describe Lamina I

A

its the cap over the dorsal/posterior horn and has lots of synaptic activity

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38
Q

Describe Lamina II

A

near a pain center called the “Substantia Gelantinosa”

so lamina II is associated with pain interpretation

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39
Q

Describe Lamina III and IV

A

because these two lamina are closely associated they can be grouped together

Collectively called the Nucleus Propius

associated with temperature, touch, and pressure

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40
Q

Describe Lamina V

A

in the cervical area only on the lateral edge is a formation called the Formatio reticularis

this lamina contains cell bodies carrying pain info to the contralateral spinothalamic tract (ascending tract)

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41
Q

Describe Lamina VI

A

carries sensory info and is missing at some cord levels

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42
Q

Describe Lamina VII

A

Its in the lateral horn when present and contains preganglionic autonomic neurons (T1-T12 or L1-L2 and S2-4)

it carries many descending tract fibers

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43
Q

Lamina VII contains Clarke’s Nucleus,describe it

A

It runs from C8-L3 and contributes axons to the posterior spinocerebellar tract

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44
Q

Lamina VII also contains the interomediolateral nucleus, describe it

A

it forms most cell bodies from T1-T12.

Its also present at L1,2 and S2,3,4 but without a distinct horn

if lateral horn is present the cell bodies are preganglionic sympathetic

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45
Q

At what level of the interomediolateral nucleus are preganglionic sympathetic neurons located?

A

T1-L2

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46
Q

At what level of the interomediolateral nucleus are preganglionic parasympathetic neurons found?

A

S2-4

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47
Q

What is another name for the nucleus at S2-4?

A

Sacral parasympathetic Nucleus

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48
Q

Describe Lamina VIII

A

its located at the medial aspect of the ventral horn and contains delta motor neurons

49
Q

What are delta motor neurons?

A

they play a role in skeletal muscle and extend into the periphery

50
Q

Describe Lamina IX

A

most skeletal muscle is innervated from neurons here

Class A alpha motor neurons are prominent here

51
Q

Describe Class A alpha motor nerurons

A

they are the fastest, largest motor neurons and travel from cord-PNS-muscle

52
Q

Describe Lamina X

A

it surrounds the central canal and holds anterior and posterior gray commisures

unmyelinated fibers are common here

53
Q

Describe Fasciculi

A

bundles of functionally related axons within a white column

54
Q

Describe the Gracilis fasciculi

A

Its present at all cord levels, but only carries information that occurs below T6

Its fibers synapse in the gracilis nucleus of the M.O.

55
Q

Describe the Cuneatus fasciculi

A

Its present at T5 or 6 and up and all sensory info above T6 goes to this tract

Its fibers synapse in the cuneatus nucleus of the M.O.

56
Q

Describe the functions of Gracilis and Cuneatus

A

two point touch, vibratory sensations, and kinesthetic sensation

57
Q

Describe how to give the Romberg’s test and what it tests

A

have feet close together, arms out, eyes closed, and if they fall over they fail.

this test for posterior column issues

58
Q

How many neurons are in the Gracilis and Cuneatus pathway?

A

3.

59
Q

Describe the path of a 3 neuron pathway

A

periphery to M.O., M.O. to thalamus, thalamus to cerebral cortex

60
Q

Where do fibers for gracilis and cuneatus cross?

A

At the internal arcuate fibers of the M.O.

61
Q

Where do fibers of gracilis and cuneatus go to in the thalamus?

A

the VPL

62
Q

Where do fibers of gracilis and cuneatus terminate?

A

the post central gyrus of the cerebral cortex

63
Q

If sensory information is picked up on the right big toe and travels through gracilis, what side of the brain will interpret this info?

A

the right side

64
Q

Describe the Lateral Spinothalamic tract

A

its present at all cord levels

it carries pain/temp info

it crosses quickly in the spinal cord

65
Q

Describe the Anterior Spinothalamic tract

A

its located at all cord levels

it carries light touch/pressure

it crosses slowly, in about 2-3 cord levels

66
Q

Describe the Anterior Spinothalamic tract

A

its located at all cord levels

it carries light touch/pressure

it crosses slowly, in about 2-3 cord levels

67
Q

What lamina would the Lat. Spinothalamic tract be associated with?

A

lamina 2/the pain lamina

68
Q

Where do fibers of the Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic tracts go to in the M.O.?

A

the VPL

69
Q

Are the Spinothalamics contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

contralateral

70
Q

What lamina would the Ant. Spinothalamic tract be associated with?

A

likely 3 and 4

71
Q

What do lesions of the spinothalamics lead to?

A

Analgesia (loss of pain senstion) and thermatoanaesthesia (loss of temp sensation) on the opposite side of the body

72
Q

The anterior and lateral spinothalamics are sometimes considered as one tract, what is it called?

A

the anterolateral system

73
Q

Describe the fiber crossing of the Anterior Spinocerebellar tract

A

its fibers cross in the cord, but cross one more time in the M.O.

74
Q

Is the anterior spinocerebellar tract contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

ipsilateral

75
Q

Where do fibers of the Anterior spinocerebellar tract terminate?

A

the cerebullum via the superior cerebellar penduncle

76
Q

What info does the Anterior spinocerebellar tract carry?

A

general state of gross movements of the lower body and what is about to happenq

77
Q

What are the fiber origins of the Anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

mostly in the lumbosacral cord’s gray laminae

78
Q

Do most fibers of the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract cross?

A

no

79
Q

What are the fiber origins of the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract?

A

nucleus dorsalis (C8-L3)

80
Q

At what level does the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract stop?

A

L3

81
Q

Where do the fibers of the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract terminate?

A

the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

82
Q

What information does the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract carry?

A

proprioceptive info of fine movements of what just happened from inside a muscle

83
Q

Is the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

84
Q

What lamina would be associated with the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract?

A

lamina 7

85
Q

In what tract is info of fine movements of the lower body carried in, when its below nucleus dorsalis, until it reaches the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

gracilis

86
Q

Where do the fibers for the cuneocerebellar tract originate?

A

from the pectoral girdle and extremity

87
Q

Once in the spinal cord, where do fibers of the cuneocerebellar tract go to?

A

to the Cuneate nucleus in the M.O.

88
Q

Where do fibers of the cuneocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

89
Q

What information does the cuneocerebellar tract carry?

A

fine movement proprioception for our arms and hands

90
Q

Is the cuneocerebellar tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

91
Q

Of the ascending tracts, which ones are found at all cord levels?

A

Gracilis, Anterior Spinothalmaic, lateral Spinothalamic, and Anterior Spinocerebellar

92
Q

Which ascending tract crosses twice?

A

the Anterior spinocrerebellar

93
Q

Which ascending tract crosses twice?

A

the Anterior spinocrerebellar

94
Q

What percentage of fibers does the Anterior Corticospinal tract carry?

A

only 5-15%

95
Q

Where do fibers of the Anterior Corticospinal tract cross?

A

in the spinal cord after theyve came out of the tract just prior to their destination

96
Q

At what level does the Anterior Corticospinal tract terminate?

A

it terminates at T6

97
Q

What does the Anterior corticospinal tract influence?

A

axial muscles of neck and shoulder

98
Q

What percentage of fibers does the Lateral corticospinal tract carry?

A

about 90%

99
Q

Where do fibers of the Lateral Corticospinal tract cross?

A

in the pyramids of the M.O.

100
Q

Where does the Lateral corticospinal tract terminate?

A

it actually runs the length of the whole cord

101
Q

What does the Lateral corticospinal tract influence?

A

initiating and completing precise skilled voluntary muscle movements, especially in distal extremities

102
Q

What lamina are the Corticospinals associated with?

A

Lamine VII and IX

103
Q

Describe Lower Motor Neurons (LMN’S)

A

they originate in the spinal cord or brain stem and extend into PNS to innervate somatic muscles

104
Q

Describe Upper Motor Neruons (UMN’s)

A

come from higher brain centers which influence LMN’s

105
Q

Describe the result of lesions to UMN’s

A

Reduction or absence of voluntary movement

hyperreflexia-exaggerated reflexes

increased muscle tone

babinski sign-toes flare out and extend

Clonus-jerking against resistance

106
Q

What would be an example of a pathology that affects UMN’s?

A

Cerebral Palsy

107
Q

Describe the result of lesions to LMN’s

A

reduction or absence of voluntary movement

Hyporreflexia

decreased muscle tone or atrophy

muscle fibrillations

108
Q

What would be an example of a pathology that affects LMN’s?

A

Polio

109
Q

What would be an example of a pathology that affects LMN’s?

A

Polio

110
Q

Describe pyramidal neurons

A

associated with the initiation of skilled voluntary movements; in the cord are corticospinal fibers

111
Q

Describe extrapyramidal neurons?

A

they originate in the brain stem and influence posture, muscle tone, enhances reflexes, and allows voluntary movement to be smooth and effective

112
Q

What 3 tracts are strongly associated with extrapyramidal neurons?

A

vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, and tectospinal tracts

113
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate?

A

from the superior colliculus of the tectum

114
Q

Describe the fiber crossing of the tectospinal tract

A

they cross as the descend

115
Q

Where do most fibers of the tectospinal tract terminate?

A

in the upper 4 cervicals

116
Q

What is the function of tectospinal tract?

A

postural reflex enhancement dealing with sight and auditory stimuli which is accomplished by adjustments to the trapezius and steinocleidomastoid

117
Q

What would be an example of the tectospinal tract being used?

A

when one hears a loud boom or sound and they avert their gaze as a reflex

118
Q

What lamina is associated with the tectospinal tract?

A

Lamina VII

CNS (7 decks)

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