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CNS > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What else is the dura mater called?

A

thick mother; it is the thickest outer most covering

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2
Q

What does the dura cover?

A

the entire CNS and roots of PNS in the vertebral canal and cranial vault

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3
Q

Is the dura part of the nervous system?

A

no it is just an accessory structure

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4
Q

Name the two dural layers in the cranial vault?

A

endosteal layers and meningeal layer

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5
Q

Describe the endosteal layer

A

outer highly vascularized layer that serves as a periosteum to cranial bones.

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6
Q

Describe the meningeal layer

A

inner fibrous layer that is seperated from the endosteal layer only where a falx or dural venous sinus is present

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7
Q

Do both dural layers continue into the cerebral canal?

A

no, only the meningeal layer which is slightly more collagenous than the cranial meningeal layer

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8
Q

What attaches the dura within the vertebral canal?

A

meningiovertebral ligaments

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9
Q

Is the dura attached to the foramen magnum?

A

yes it is fused to it, but for the most part its a loose sac in the canal

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10
Q

At what level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2 and is named the conus medullaris

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11
Q

What is the lumbar cistern filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

Describe dural falces

A

they are double layers of meningeal dural, sickle shaped, and extend into brain fissure

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13
Q

Describe the Falx cereri

A

located in longitudinal fissure, runs from front to internal occipital protuberance

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14
Q

Describe the falx cerebelli

A

located between the cerebellar hemispheres

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15
Q

Describe the tentorium cerebelli

A

runs right and left over the cerebellum and under the occipital lobes

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16
Q

What is the name of the opening between the wings of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

the tentorial hiatus

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17
Q

Describe the diaphragma sellae

A

forms a housing over the pituitary gland and has a whole in the middle for the infundibular stalk

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18
Q

Is the dura vascular?

A

yes

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19
Q

Is the dura innervated?

A

yes

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20
Q

what nerves innervate the dura?

A

CN V and VII supratentorially and CN X infratentorially

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21
Q

What artery is attributed for throbbing headaches?

A

meningeal arteries; commonly middle meningeal arteries

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22
Q

Is the arachnoid vascularized?

A

no

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23
Q

Describe the arachnoid

A

transparent and composed of simple squamos epithelium

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24
Q

From what do meningiomas arise?

A

the arachnoid

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25
Q

True or false, the arachnoid goes into fissures and sulci

A

false

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26
Q

Describe cranial nerve sheaths

A

a subarachnoid space that extends with CN II all the way to the eyeball

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27
Q

Describe arachnoid trabeculae

A

connections between the arachnoid and pia and its avascular

28
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

its a real space between the arachnoid and pia thats filled with CSF

29
Q

Where is a potential space located?

A

between the dura and arachnoid termed the subdrual space

30
Q

Describe the Cisterna Magna and its location

A

Its the largest cranial cistern

its posterior to the M.O. and superior to the foramen magnum

the 4th ventricle opens into it via the median foramen

31
Q

Describe the superior cistern and its location

A

some important blood vessels are located on its floor

its in the transverse cerebral fissure

32
Q

Describe the Pontine Cistern and its location

A

a pair of openings empty into it from the 4th ventrical via the lateral foramina

its anterior to the pons

33
Q

Describe the interpeduncular cistern and its location

A

much of the cerebral arterial circle is found along its periphery

its between the cerebral peduncles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain

34
Q

Describe the lumbar cistern and its location

A

it fills the lumbar cul-de-sac

is located from the conus medullaris to the S2 level

35
Q

Describe Arachnoid villi, its location, and function

A

Theyre tufted prolongations which dip into dura and associate with dural venous sinuses; mostcommonly along the superior saggital dural venous sinus

they remove CSF from the subarachnoid space

36
Q

Describe the pia

A

its the inner most covering

its vascular and follows all fissures and sulci of the brain and cord

37
Q

Describe the outer portion of the pia

A

its continuous with the arachnoid trabeculae and also covers blood vessels coming to and from the CNS

38
Q

What structures do the pia form in the vertebral canal?

A

the denticulate ligaments which penetrate the aracnoid and fuse with the dura

the pia also forms the fillum terminale internum

39
Q

Describe the inner portion of the pia

A

it has fine reticular and elastic fibers which connect with the CNS

it also forms the pial coats and perivascular space

40
Q

Describe an epidural hematoma

A

blood between the skull and periosteal dura

41
Q

what causes an epidural hematoma

A

commonly a rupture of the middle meningeal artery due to head trauma

42
Q

what is the result of an epidural hematoma

A

an increase in intercranial pressure;if it not relieved via surgery death could be a result

43
Q

describe a subdural hematoma

A

a collection of blood between the meningeal dura and arachnoid

44
Q

what causes a subdural hematoma

A

rupturing to bridging veins due to shearing injury

45
Q

describe a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

a collection of blood in the subarachnoid space

46
Q

How much blood is perfused through the brain each minute?

A

800ml

47
Q

Where is the most commonly reported site to blame for stroke?

A

the middle cerebral artery

48
Q

What artery is to blame for chiropractic vascular accidents?

A

the posterior inferior cerebral artery

49
Q

What arteries supply 2/3 of the brains blood?

A

the internal carotid arteries

50
Q

What artery is the most common anomaly in the brain blood supply?

A

the anterior communicating artery

51
Q

What vessel contributes the most blood to the spinal cord?

A

Segmental arteries

52
Q

Where do the segmental arteries enter into the cord?

A

through intervertebral foramina

53
Q

how much blood is normally present in the brain?

A

about 75ml

54
Q

how often does the blood turn over in the brain?

A

about every 6 seconds

55
Q

What is the most common type of capillary in the CNS?

A

continuous capillary

56
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the blood brain barrier?

A

they play some supporting and informing role

57
Q

What type of substances will cross the BBB and what will not?

A

lipid soluble will cross and water soluble will not

58
Q

List some substance that will cross the BBB?

A

caffeine, B6 and B12, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine

59
Q

Will veins and venules follow the same course as arteries as they entered,out?

A

no they wont

60
Q

After veins have penetrated arachnoid and meningeal dura where do they drains to?

A

Dural venous sinuses

61
Q

Where do DVS drain?

A

internal jugular veins at the jugular foramina

62
Q

Where does most of the blood in the sinus flow to?

A

the right transverse DVS

63
Q

Choroid plexuses are located where?

A

in brain ventricles?

64
Q

what do choroid plexuses produce?

A

CSF

65
Q

What cells produce CSF in the choroid plexuses?

A

ependymal cells

CNS (7 decks)

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