Unit 4

Question 0

Perception

Answer 0

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

The process by which are sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus

Question 2

Bottom up processing

Answer 2

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

Question 3

Top down processing

Answer 3

• Information processing guided by higher level mental processes
• we construct perceptions from our experiences and expectations

Question 4

Psychophysics

Answer 4

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

Question 5

Absolute threshold

Answer 5

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

Question 6

Signal detection theory

Answer 6

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus

Question 7

Difference threshold

Answer 7

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
- noticeable difference

Question 8

Webers law

Answer 8

The principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

Question 9

Sensory adaptation

Answer 9

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Question 10

Transduction

Answer 10

Conversion of one form of energy into another

-sight, smell & sound ➡️ into neural impulses towards the brain

Question 11

Rods

Answer 11

Retinal receptors that detect black white and gray

necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

Question 12

Cones

Answer 12

• Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions
• they detect fine detail

Question 13

Parallel processing

Answer 13

The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

Question 14

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Answer 14

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (Red green and blue which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color)

Question 15

Opponent process theory

Answer 15

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision
-For example some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red others are stimulated by red inhibited by green

Question 16

Place theory

Answer 16

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

Question 17

Frequency theory

Answer 17

In hearing the theory that the rate of the nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone thus enabling us to sense it’s pitch

Question 18

Kinesthesis

Answer 18

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Question 19

Vestibular sense

Answer 19

The sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance

Question 20

Selective attention

Answer 20

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus as in the cocktail party effect

Question 21

Visual capture

Answer 21

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Question 22

Gestalt

Answer 22

An organized whole

Question 23

Monocular cues

Answer 23

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Question 24

Binocular cues

Answer 24

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes

Question 25

Phi phenomenon

Answer 25

An illusion of movement. Created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Question 26

Perceptual constancy

Answer 26

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

Question 27

Perceptual adaptation

Answer 27

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Question 28

Consciousness

Answer 28

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 29

Circadian rhythms

Answer 29

The biological clock

24 hour cycle

Question 30

REM sleep

Answer 30

Rapid eye movement

Vivid dreams

Question 31

Alpha waves

Answer 31

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state

Question 32

Delta waves

Answer 32

The large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 33

Manifest content

Answer 33

According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream

Question 34

Latent content

Answer 34

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Question 35

Psychoactive drug

Answer 35

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

Question 36

Depressants

Answer 36

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

-for example alcohol

Question 37

Barbiturates

Answer 37

• depress activity of the central nervous system

- reduce anxiety but impairs memory and judgment

Question 38

Opiates

Answer 38

Morphine &heroin

-lessen pain and anxiety

Question 39

Simulants

Answer 39

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
-CAFFEINE COCAINE

Question 40

Dualism

Answer 40

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Question 41

Monism

Answer 41

Mind and body=same