unit 4 Flashcards
What is the scientific study of variations in human behavior, considering the influence of cultural context?
Cross-cultural psychology
Name three specific objects of study in cross-cultural psychology.
Motivation, behavior, and cognition
According to the text, what are the goals of cross-cultural psychology?
To describe human behavior diversity, link individual behavior to cultural environment, and test psychological findings in other cultures
What does the ‘Marshmallow Experiment’ suggest about the ability to delay gratification?
The ability to delay gratification is associated with positive outcomes later in life, such as higher academic performance and better stress management
What is impulsive gratification?
The tendency to seek immediate pleasure without considering long-term consequences
What can affect impulsive gratification, besides genetics?
Economic uncertainty
According to sociological theories, how are people’s desires and actions viewed?
As appropriate or inappropriate based on their links to existing customs and rules
According to Karl Marx, what activates human needs?
Economic conditions of inequality
What does drive theory suggest about motivation?
Motivation arises from biological needs that push an organism to act to restore balance
How do arousal theories explain motivation?
People seek to maintain optimal levels of arousal by changing their exposure to stimuli
What is the difference between seeking sensory stimulation and procrastination?
Seeking sensory stimulation involves the drive to seek novel experiences while procrastination is the tendency to delay tasks
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, are the relative strengths of needs universal or culture-specific?
The relative strengths of the needs are culture-specific
According to Maslow, what is a ‘peak experience’?
Moments of highest happiness and fulfillment
Are eating disorders more common in Western or non-Western countries?
More common in Western countries
What is aggressive motivation?
The desire to harm or injure others
Name a few factors that can lead to aggressive behavior according to Staub (1996)?
Exposure to violence, attitudes to authority, lack of education, harsh treatment
What is the ‘frustration-aggression hypothesis’?
Frustration leads to aggressive behavior
What is the ‘Herostratos syndrome’?
Violence caused by a craving for notoriety or self-glorification
What did the ‘asshole experiment’ demonstrate?
How norms of a ‘culture of honor’ manifest in southerners’ reactions to insults
Do rates of violence vary among different cultural groups?
Yes
What determines what types of sexual behavior are acceptable?
Societal factors like laws, customs, and norms
What is a sex culture?
A set of requirements, beliefs, symbols, and norms regarding sexuality and its expression
How do cultures differ in their view of chastity?
Some cultures view it as essential, while others do not regard it as particularly important
Are countries that desire the expansion of the nation’s population more or less tolerant of homosexuality?
Less tolerant
According to the text, is romantic kissing universal?
No, it is only common in 46% of cultures
What is achievement motivation?
The need to strive for excellence and success
What are the differences between individualist-success and collectivist-success motivation?
Individualist motivation directs to personal goals while collectivist motivation focuses on group benefit
How do Westerners and Easterners differ in their cognitive styles, according to the text?
Westerners favor independent objects and personal autonomy, while Easterners prefer balance and harmony
What are the main differences between monochronic and polychronic cultures regarding their perception of time?
Monochronic cultures favor a linear view of time and doing one thing at a time, while polychronic cultures are flexible and allow multiple activities simultaneously
What is the Flynn effect?
The observation that IQ scores have been increasing continually since the beginning of the 20th century
