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Intro to Psychology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Free association

A

a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing

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2
Q

Id (pleasure principle)

A

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive impulses and demands immediate satisfaction

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3
Q

Ego (reality principle)

A

the partly conscious part of personality that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality, and operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

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4
Q

Superego (conscience)

A

the partly conscious part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgments (the conscience) and for future goals

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5
Q

Rationalization

A

a defense mechanism where individuals create logical explanations to justify behaviors or feelings, masking the true underlying reasons

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6
Q

Repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety from consciousness

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7
Q

Denial

A

a defense mechanism where individuals refuse to accept reality or facts, blocking external events from awareness to avoid distress or anxiety

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8
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

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9
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests

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10
Q

The false consensus effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors

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11
Q

Ideal self

A

an individual’s vision of their perfect self, encompassing aspirations, values, and goals they strive to achieve

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12
Q

Actual self

A

an individual’s current self-perception, including their attributes, traits, and behaviors as they truly are

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13
Q

Traits

A

consistent characteristics or qualities that define an individual’s behavior and personality

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14
Q

Openness

A

a personality trait characterized by a willingness to experience new things, embrace creativity, and engage in abstract thinking

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15
Q

Extraversion

A

a personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and a tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy the company of others

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16
Q

Conscientiousness

A

a personality trait characterized by being organized, dependable, disciplined, and having a strong sense of duty and responsibility

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17
Q

Self-efficacy

A

one’s ability to successfully execute tasks and achieve goals, influencing motivation and perseverance

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18
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and the environment

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19
Q

Self-serving bias

A

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

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20
Q

Diagnostic labels

A

terms used to classify and identify mental health disorders, providing a framework for understanding symptoms and guiding treatment

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21
Q

Panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, often followed by worry over a possible next panic attack

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22
Q

Specific phobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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23
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsion), or both

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24
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of traumatic related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or lingering insomnia

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25
Q

Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect of a substance or stimulus over time, requiring increased exposure to achieve the same effect

26
Q

Addiction

A

a chronic condition characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences, often involving physical or psychological dependence

27
Q

Withdrawal

A

the physical and psychological symptoms experienced when reducing or discontinuing a substance on which the body has become dependent

28
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

a disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting 2 or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

29
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

disorder in which a person experiences the overexcited state of mania and usually suffer periods of depression

30
Q

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)

A

intentional self-inflicted harm to one’s body without suicidal intent, often used as a coping mechanism for emotional distress

31
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished and inappropriate emotional expression

32
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus, experienced as real, and can affect any of the five senses

33
Q

Delusions

A

a false belief

34
Q

Positive symptoms

A

additions to normal behavior, such as hallucinations and delusions

35
Q

Negative symptoms

A

a decrease or absence of normal functions, such as lack of emotion, motivation, or social engagement

36
Q

Anorexia

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception, sometimes accompanied with excessive exercise

37
Q

Bulimia

A

an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

38
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

controversial and rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

39
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of consciousness for a wrongdoing

40
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

a therapeutic approach founded by Freud, focusing on uncovering unconscious motives and conflicts through techniques like free association and dream analysis

41
Q

Resistance

A

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of unpleasant or anxiety-laden material

42
Q

Transference

A

in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

43
Q

Insight therapies

A

therapies that aim to increase a person’s awareness and understanding of underlying motives and feelings to improve psychological functioning

44
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

a caring, acceptable, and nonjudgmental attitude

45
Q

Counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors, includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

46
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias)

47
Q

Behavior therapies

A

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors and increase desirable behaviors

48
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking, based on assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

49
Q

Token economy

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

50
Q

Clients’ perception of the effectiveness of psychotherapy

A

often depends on personal improvement, therapeutic relationship quality, and the therapist’s empathy and support

51
Q

Therapeutic alliance

A

a bond a trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

52
Q

Double-blind technique

A

a research method where neither participants nor researchers know who receives the treatment or placebo, minimizing bias

53
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

a neurological disorder caused by long-term use of antipsychotic drugs, characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements, often affecting the face and limbs

54
Q

Ativan

A

a medication used to relieve anxiety by calming the nervous system

55
Q

Prozac

A

an antidepressant that helps improve mood by increasing serotonin levels in the brain

56
Q

Thorazine

A

an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by reducing symptoms like hallucinations and delusions

57
Q

Lithium

A

a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder by reducing mood swings and preventing manic and depressive episodes

58
Q

Depakote

A

a medication used to treat bipolar disorder and epilepsy by stabilizing mood and reducing seizures

59
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

60
Q

Placebo effect:

A

occurs when individuals experience real improvements in symptoms due to their belief in the effectiveness of a treatment, even if it’s inactive

Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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