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Intro to Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Concept

A

a mental grouping a similar objects, people, events, or ideas

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2
Q

Prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a concept

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3
Q

Algorithm

A

a step-by-step process that guarantees a solution to problem

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4
Q

Heuristics

A

a simple thinking process that allows you to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

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5
Q

Trial-and-error

A

a problem solving method in which multiple attempts are made to reach a solution

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6
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem

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7
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for evidence that supports our opinions and ignore evidence that goes against our opinions

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8
Q

Belief perseverance

A

our tendency to stick to our existing beliefs, even when faced with evidence that contradicts them

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9
Q

Availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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10
Q

Fixation

A

an inability to see from a new perspective

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11
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem

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12
Q

Divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem

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13
Q

Syntax

A

the correct way to put words together to form sentences for a given language

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14
Q

Babies’ receptive language development

A

babies babble at 4 months, babble resembling household words at 10 months, speak in one word speech at 12 months, speak in two words speech at 24 months, and rapidly develop into speaking complete sentences after 24 months

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15
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

a form of communication consisting of two-word long sentences

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16
Q

Gardner’s theories of intelligence

A

the theory that our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences

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17
Q

Sternberg’s theories of intelligence

A

the theory that our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and psychical intelligences

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18
Q

Aptitude

A

ability to learn

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19
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, use, manage, and understand emotions

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20
Q

Test reliability

A

the extent to which a test has consistent results

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21
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predict what it’s supposed to measure

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22
Q

Standardization

A

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

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24
Q

Incentives

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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25
Arousal theory
the theory that people are motivated to seek out activities that maintain or increase their level of arousal
26
Yerkes-Dodson theory
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
27
Set point
steady states of the body that are actively managed by corrective mechanisms
28
Social facilitation
in the presences of others, skills are improved on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks
29
Research on obesity and weight control
People with obesity are more likely to struggle with mood, self-esteem, body image, and social acceptance
30
Narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
31
Ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
32
Cognitive appraisals
our interpretation of an evoking event and of bodily responses to that evoking event
33
The James-Lange theory
the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus
34
Cannon-Bard theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) psychological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotions
35
Two-factor theory of emotion
the theory that to experience emotions we must (1) be psychically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
36
Sympathetic responses
in stressful situation, it controls your ability keep safe by running away of fighting back (flight-or-flight response)
37
Parasympathetic responses
after stressful situations occur, it regulates your body back to a stable state
38
Polygraph
a machine used to detect lies by measuring emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing
39
Guilty knowledge test
a psychological assessment used to determine whether an individual has knowledge of specific details related to a crime
40
The facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
41
Stressors
something that causes stress
42
Stress appraisal
the process by which individuals evaluate and interpret a stressor to determine its significance and their ability to cope with it
43
Lymphocyte levels
cells in the immune system, also known as white blood cells
44
The body’s response to constant stress
health decreases when the body is constantly stressed because hormones bring energy to your muscles and away from your immune system, making you more susceptible to illnesses
45
Heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
46
Type A personality
term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
47
Type B personality
term for easy-going and relaxed people
48
Problem-focused coping style
attempting to reduce stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
49
Emotion-focused coping style
attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
50
Internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate
51
External locus of control
the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
52
Pessimism
the anticipation of negative outcomes, expecting the worst, and doubt that their efforts will be achieved
53
Optimism
the anticipation of positive outcomes, expecting the best, and expect their efforts to lead to good things
54
The benefits of aerobic exercise
increases heart and lung fitness, and also helps reduce depression and anxiety
55
Mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner
56
The adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our past experiences
57
Relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
58
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the influence of the situation
59
Situational constraints
external factors in an environment that can influence an individual's behavior, decision-making, and performance
60
Personal traits
we typically blame another’s personality for their decisions rather than other external factors
61
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply with a later with a larger request
62
Zimbardo’s mock prison role-playing study
an experiment aimed to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison guards
63
Cognitive dissonance
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) clash
64
The chameleon effect
unconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and behaviors of one's interaction partners
65
Social responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing help
66
Social facilitation
in the presence of others, improved skills on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks
67
Social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pool their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
68
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
69
Group polarization
strengthening of a group’s pre existing attitudes through discussions within the group
70
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
71
Ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
72
Scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger for providing someone to blame
73
Social script
a culturally model guide for how to act in various situations
74
The bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to aid if other bystanders are present
75
The reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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