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Intro to Psychology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Concept

A

a mental grouping a similar objects, people, events, or ideas

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2
Q

Prototype

A

a mental image or best example of a concept

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3
Q

Algorithm

A

a step-by-step process that guarantees a solution to problem

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4
Q

Heuristics

A

a simple thinking process that allows you to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

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5
Q

Trial-and-error

A

a problem solving method in which multiple attempts are made to reach a solution

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6
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem

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7
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to search for evidence that supports our opinions and ignore evidence that goes against our opinions

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8
Q

Belief perseverance

A

our tendency to stick to our existing beliefs, even when faced with evidence that contradicts them

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9
Q

Availability heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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10
Q

Fixation

A

an inability to see from a new perspective

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11
Q

Convergent thinking

A

narrowing the available solutions to determine the single best solution to a problem

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12
Q

Divergent thinking

A

expanding the number of possible solutions to a problem

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13
Q

Syntax

A

the correct way to put words together to form sentences for a given language

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14
Q

Babies’ receptive language development

A

babies babble at 4 months, babble resembling household words at 10 months, speak in one word speech at 12 months, speak in two words speech at 24 months, and rapidly develop into speaking complete sentences after 24 months

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15
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

a form of communication consisting of two-word long sentences

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16
Q

Gardner’s theories of intelligence

A

the theory that our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences

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17
Q

Sternberg’s theories of intelligence

A

the theory that our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and psychical intelligences

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18
Q

Aptitude

A

ability to learn

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19
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

the ability to perceive, use, manage, and understand emotions

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20
Q

Test reliability

A

the extent to which a test has consistent results

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21
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures or predict what it’s supposed to measure

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22
Q

Standardization

A

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

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24
Q

Incentives

A

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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25
Q

Arousal theory

A

the theory that people are motivated to seek out activities that maintain or increase their level of arousal

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26
Q

Yerkes-Dodson theory

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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27
Q

Set point

A

steady states of the body that are actively managed by corrective mechanisms

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28
Q

Social facilitation

A

in the presences of others, skills are improved on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

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29
Q

Research on obesity and weight control

A

People with obesity are more likely to struggle with mood, self-esteem, body image, and social acceptance

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30
Q

Narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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31
Q

Ostracism

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

32
Q

Cognitive appraisals

A

our interpretation of an evoking event and of bodily responses to that evoking event

33
Q

The James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

34
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) psychological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotions

35
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

the theory that to experience emotions we must (1) be psychically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

36
Q

Sympathetic responses

A

in stressful situation, it controls your ability keep safe by running away of fighting back (flight-or-flight response)

37
Q

Parasympathetic responses

A

after stressful situations occur, it regulates your body back to a stable state

38
Q

Polygraph

A

a machine used to detect lies by measuring emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing

39
Q

Guilty knowledge test

A

a psychological assessment used to determine whether an individual has knowledge of specific details related to a crime

40
Q

The facial feedback effect

A

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

41
Q

Stressors

A

something that causes stress

42
Q

Stress appraisal

A

the process by which individuals evaluate and interpret a stressor to determine its significance and their ability to cope with it

43
Q

Lymphocyte levels

A

cells in the immune system, also known as white blood cells

44
Q

The body’s response to constant stress

A

health decreases when the body is constantly stressed because hormones bring energy to your muscles and away from your immune system, making you more susceptible to illnesses

45
Q

Heart disease

A

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle

46
Q

Type A personality

A

term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

47
Q

Type B personality

A

term for easy-going and relaxed people

48
Q

Problem-focused coping style

A

attempting to reduce stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

49
Q

Emotion-focused coping style

A

attempting to reduce stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

50
Q

Internal locus of control

A

the perception that we control our own fate

51
Q

External locus of control

A

the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

52
Q

Pessimism

A

the anticipation of negative outcomes, expecting the worst, and doubt that their efforts will be achieved

53
Q

Optimism

A

the anticipation of positive outcomes, expecting the best, and expect their efforts to lead to good things

54
Q

The benefits of aerobic exercise

A

increases heart and lung fitness, and also helps reduce depression and anxiety

55
Q

Mindfulness meditation

A

a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner

56
Q

The adaptation-level phenomenon

A

our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our past experiences

57
Q

Relative deprivation

A

the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves

58
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency, when analyzing others’ behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the influence of the situation

59
Q

Situational constraints

A

external factors in an environment that can influence an individual’s behavior, decision-making, and performance

60
Q

Personal traits

A

we typically blame another’s personality for their decisions rather than other external factors

61
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply with a later with a larger request

62
Q

Zimbardo’s mock prison role-playing study

A

an experiment aimed to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison guards

63
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) clash

64
Q

The chameleon effect

A

unconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and behaviors of one’s interaction partners

65
Q

Social responsibility norm

A

an expectation that people will help those needing help

66
Q

Social facilitation

A

in the presence of others, improved skills on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

67
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pool their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

68
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

69
Q

Group polarization

A

strengthening of a group’s pre existing attitudes through discussions within the group

70
Q

Groupthink

A

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

71
Q

Ingroup bias

A

the tendency to favor our own group

72
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger for providing someone to blame

73
Q

Social script

A

a culturally model guide for how to act in various situations

74
Q

The bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to aid if other bystanders are present

75
Q

The reciprocity norm

A

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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