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Intro to Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

Studies generations of traits

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2
Q

Neuroscience Perspective

A

Studies the brain and emotions

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3
Q

Behavior Genetics Perspective

A

Studies the influences of gene and environment

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4
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Studies how the brain springs from conflict

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5
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

Studies learned responses

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6
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Studies how the brain processes and stores information

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7
Q

Social-cultural Perspective

A

Studies how thinking and behavior vary across cultures

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8
Q

The Biopsychosocial Approach

A

An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological, and social-cultural perspectives

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9
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The belief that we could have predicted something after it already occurred

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10
Q

Dual Processing

A

Our mind processes information at the same time (conscious and unconscious tracks)

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11
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

How our genes and environment interact with and influence our individual differences

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12
Q

Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatrists

A

Assess and treat people with mental and behavioral disorders

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13
Q

Operation Definition

A

A carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in a research study

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14
Q

Correlation and Causation

A

Correlation suggests a possible cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation

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15
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which one individual of group is studied in depth in hopes of revealing a universal principle

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in natural occurring situations, without changing or controlling the situation

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17
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group

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18
Q

Experimentation

A

The process of performing a scientific procedure, especially in a laboratory, to determine something

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19
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental groups and control groups by chance, which minimizes the any preexisting differences between the groups

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20
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which random sampling may be drawn

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21
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment or change

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22
Q

Control group

A

In an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to the treatment or change (serves as a comparison for the experimental group for judging the effects)

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is being changed and effect is studied

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24
Q

Dependent variables

A

The variable that is measured (may change when the independent variable is changed)

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25
Q

Informed consent

A

Permission based on researched giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate or not

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26
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

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27
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system subdivision that calms the body, conserving its energy

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28
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory and motor neurons connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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29
Q

Neural networks

A

Neurons that cluster together into work groups

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30
Q

Endorphins

A

Neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain and pleasure

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31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitters that enable muscle action, learning, and memory

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32
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitters that influences movement, learning, attention, and mood

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33
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Neurotransmitters that helps control alertness and arousal

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34
Q

Oxytocin

A

Neurotransmitters that are associated with emotions and good feelings

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35
Q

The fight or flight response

A

Automatic reaction to a frightening or stressful event that activated the sympathetic nervous system

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36
Q

Frontal lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex that lies just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

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37
Q

Parietal lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex that lies at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

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38
Q

Temporal lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex that lies roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears

39
Q

Occipital lobes

A

The portion of the cerebral cortex that lies at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

The hindbrain’s “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating motor output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

41
Q

Amygdala

A

Two almond-shaped neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

42
Q

Reticular formation

A

Nerve network running through the brainstem and into the thalamus; plays an important role in controlling arousal

43
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

44
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing conscious awareness of a particular stimulus

45
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

46
Q

Hypnagogic sensations

A

Feeling bodily sensations that are not actually occurring, like the feeling of falling just before falling asleep

47
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, muscles relax but other body systems are active

48
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

49
Q

Nightmares

A

A frightening or unpleasant dream

50
Q

Night terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; usually occur during N3 deep sleep and are infrequently remembered

51
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

How our genetic inheritance (nature) interacts with our experiences (nurture)

52
Q

Teratogens

A

Chemicals or viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

53
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Physical and mental function deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy

54
Q

Sensorimotor (Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)

A

The stage of cognitive development (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

55
Q

Preoperational (Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)

A

The stage of cognitive development (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) in which a child learns to use language but cannot yet perform mental operations of concrete logic

56
Q

Concrete operational (Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)

A

The stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

57
Q

Formal operational (Piaget’s stages of cognitive development)

A

The stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at 12 years of age) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

58
Q

Egocentrism

A

The preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

59
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas (beliefs and ideas)

60
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current schemas (beliefs and ideas) to incorporate new information

61
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are not perceived

62
Q

Object conservation

A

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shapes

63
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

64
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display; beginning by about 8 months of age

65
Q

Authoritarian (Parenting style)

A

Parents that set rules and expect obedience

66
Q

Permissive (Parenting style)

A

Parents that make few demands and use little punishment

67
Q

Neglectful (Parenting style)

A

Parents that are uninvolved

68
Q

Authoritative (Parenting style)

A

Parents that set rules, but encourage discussion and allow exceptions to rules

69
Q

Preconventional morality (Kohlberg’s levels of moral development)

A

Thinking that focuses on self-interest, obeying rules to avoid punishment, and to gain concrete rewards (before age 9)

70
Q

Conventional morality (Kohlberg’s levels of moral development)

A

Thinking that focuses on upholding laws and rules to gain social approval or to maintain social order (early adolescence)

71
Q

Post-conventional morality (Kohlberg’s levels of moral development)

A

Thinking that focuses on actions that reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles (adolescence and beyond)

72
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

A period from about age 18 to mid-twenties, when many Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

73
Q

Empty nest

A

A household consisting only of a parent or parents whose children have grown up and left home

74
Q

Generativity

A

Being productive and supporting future generations

75
Q

Social clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

76
Q

Depression and anxiety tendencies

A

Women are two times more likely to develop depression and anxiety

77
Q

The evolutionary perspective

A

The idea that human behaviors reflect the influence of physical and psychological predispositions that helped human ancestors survive and reproduce

78
Q

Gender roles

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women

79
Q

Gender identity

A

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female

80
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisitions of a traditional masculine or feminine role

81
Q

Androgyny

A

Blending traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

82
Q

Tend and befriend

A

A theory, particularly for females, that people often response to stress by tending to young ones and be seeking connection or befriending one another

83
Q

Spermarche

A

A male’s first ejaculation

84
Q

Menarche

A

A female’s first menstrual period

85
Q

Erectile disorder

A

Inability to develop or maintain an erection due to insufficient blood flow to the penis

86
Q

Sexual distress

A

Relating to sexual issues and disorders

87
Q

Paraphilia

A

Sexual arousals from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or non-consenting persons

88
Q

Asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction toward others

89
Q

Sexual orientation

A

A person’s identity in relation to who they are sexually attracted, as reflected in our longings (male, female, or both)

90
Q

Transgender

A

A biologically male or female that has had gender reassignment surgery to become the opposite gender

91
Q

Research on the causes of homosexuality

A

(1) The size of a certain cell cluster in the hypothalamus, (2) prenatal hormonal exposure, and (3) having multiple older brothers

92
Q

The theory of “nothing but”

A

The idea that we are determined by nature and nurture

93
Q

Gender bias in the workplace

A

The tendency to prefer men working jobs and giving special treatment to them

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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